Heritage, tourism, and community: developing community-based tourism in Old Dongola, Sudan

Adam, A. and Taha, S. (2022). Archaeology in Sudan: A Sudanese perspective. In Oxford research encyclopedia of anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.565

Adams, W.Y. (1977). Nubia: Corridor to Africa. London: Allen Lane

Aga Khan Trust for Culture. (2005). Cairo: Urban regeneration in the Darb al-Ahmar district. A framework for investment. Geneva: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Ahmed, S.M. (2021). History of archaeological work in the Middle Nile region. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 6–28). New York: Oxford University Press

Belotti, L. (2024a). Sustainable tourism as a tool for post-conflict economic reconstruction: A situational analysis of Sudan. The Journal of Social Encounters, 8(2), 218–237

Belotti, L. (2024b). Tourism in Sudan: Towards a sustainable strategy for post-war development (MA thesis). Università degli Studi di Bergamo

Bradshaw, R. (2017). Beyond identity: The socio-economic impacts of archaeology on a non-descendant community in Sudan (Ph.D. diss.). SOAS University of London

Bradshaw, R. (2018). Fāida shenū? (What is the benefit?): A framework for evaluating the economic impacts of archaeological employment. Sudan & Nubia, 22, 188–197

Bundi, M. (2013). The history of museums in the Sudan: The case of the Kerma Museum. Kerma, 5, 37–41

Burtenshaw, P., Finlayson, B., El-Abed, O., and Palmer, C. (2019). The DEEPSAL Project: Using the past for local community futures in Jordan. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 21(2), 69–91

Buzon, M.R. and Marshall, J. (2022). Countering the racist scholarship of morphological research in Nubia: Centering the “people” in the past and present. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 35, 2–18

Driskell, B.N. (2018). The basketry. In J. Alexander and W.Y. Adams, Qasr Ibrim: The Ottoman period (=EES Excavation Memoirs 113) (pp. 141–149). London: Egypt Exploration Society

Drzewiecki, M., Ciesielska, J., Kurcz, M., Dudek, A., Mohammed, N.A., and Suliman, Y.A.B. (2023). Soba Expedition: Preliminary fieldwork report (2022–2023). Studia Etnologiczne i Antropologiczne, 23(1), 1–10

Fushiya, T. (2020). Valuing archaeology? The past, present, and future for local people and archaeologists in Sudanese Nubia (Ph.D. diss.). Leiden University

Fushiya, T. (2021a). Dialogue Community Project in Old Dongola (2019–2021). Sudan & Nubia, 25, 95–107

Fushiya, T. (2021b). Old Dongola: Continuity and change from the medieval period to the 21st century. Warsaw: PCMA UW

Fushiya, T. (2021c). Teaching collaborative archaeology and heritage management in Sudan. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 30/2, 537–554

Fushiya, T. (2025). Visitor survey in February 2019 at Old Dongola. Dane Badawcze UW. https://doi.org/10.58132/8WLQH5

Fushiya, T. and Radziwiłko, K. (2019). Old Dongola Community Engagement Project: Preliminary report from the first season. Sudan & Nubia, 23, 172–181

Fushiya, T. and Radziwiłko, K. (2024). Community evaluation survey data in Old Dongola 2021. Dane Badawcze UW, V1. https://doi.org/10.58132/IIQGBQ

Gatto, M.C. (2019). The later prehistory of Nubia in its interregional setting. In D. Raue (ed.), Handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 259–292). Berlin–Boston: De Gruyter

Geili, A.H.A. (2016). Al-Kushr: Al-Logha al-Nūbīyat al-Qadīmah Kamafatāḥ Lithqāfat Mumālika Alʾasūd Alkūshīyah (The Key: The Old Nubian Language as a Key to the Culture of the Kushite Black Kingdoms). Khartoum

Godlewski, W. (2013). Dongola: Ancient Tungul. Archaeological guide (=PCMA Archaeological Guides 1). Warsaw: PCMA UW

Gould, P.G. (2016). Collision or collaboration? Archaeology encounters economic development: An introduction. In P.G. Gould and K.A. Pyburn (eds), Collision or collaboration: Archaeology encounters economic development (pp. 1–13). Cham: Springer

Gould, P.G. and Burtenshaw, P. (2014). Archaeology and economic development. Public Archaeology, 13(1–3), 3–9

Gratien, B. (1978). Les cultures Kerma: essai de classification. Villeneuve-d’Ascq: Publications de l’Université de Lille III

Holmes, A.P., Grimwood, B.S.R., and King, L.J. (2016). Creating an Indigenized visitor code of conduct: The development of Denesoline self-determination for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(8–9), 1177–1193

Humphris, J., Bradshaw, R., and Emberling, G. (2021). Archaeological practice in the 21st century: Reflecting on archaeologist-community relationships in Sudan’s Nile Valley. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 1127–1147). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Husa, L.C. (2020). The “souvenirization” and “touristification” of material culture in Thailand: Mutual constructions of “otherness” in the tourism and souvenir industries. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 15(3), 279–293

Ibbotson, S. and Lovell-Hoare, M. (2012). Bradt Travel Guide: Sudan (3rd ed.). Bradt Travel Guides

Idriss, H. and Siedahmed, M.H. (2025). Old Dongola community engagement from a Sudanese perspective. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 34/2, ***–***

Jakobielski, S. (2021). How we fared in Faras: An account by an expedition member. In S. Jakobielski and A. Sulikowska-Bełczowska (eds), Faras—katedra w piaskach pustyni: sześćdziesiąt lat po odkryciu / Faras—The cathedral in the desert sands: Sixty years after the discovery (pp. 47–69). Warsaw: Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie

Łajtar, A. (2024). Stefan Jakobielski 1937–2024. Der Antike Sudan, 35, 133–134

Larsen, P.B. (2021). From development displacement and salvage archaeology in Nubia to inclusive sustainable heritage and development crafting in Old Dongola. Sudan & Nubia, 25, 82–94

Larsen, P.B. (2024). Heritage and sustainable development strategy, the 2021 action plan for Old Dongola and the Nafir commitment. Dane Badawcze UW. https://doi.org/10.58132/EUAVKA

Lehmann, M. (2021). Angareeb-bed production in modern Nubia: Documenting a dying craft tradition. Sudan & Nubia, 25, 11–23

Lehmann, M. (2023). Funerary beds from Amara West. Retrieved from https://amara-west.researchspace.org/resource/?previousPage=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchspace.org%2Fresource%2FProjectDashboard&previousPageTitle=Project+Dashboard&uri=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchspace.org%2Finstances%2Fnarratives%2FWooden_Objects_from_Amara_West_2.html (accessed: 23.08.2024)

Leisten, T. (2017). The Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project at Sudan’s World Heritage Sites Jebel Barkal and Meroe. Qatar

Lemos, R. (2022). Can we decolonize the ancient past? Bridging postcolonial and decolonial theory in Sudanese and Nubian archaeology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 33(1), 19–37

Michałowski, K. (1983). Od Edfu do Faras: polskie odkrycia archeologii śródziemnomorskiej (From Edfu to Faras: Polish discoveries of Mediterranean archaeology). Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe

Minor, E., Schellinger, S.M., Sevara, C., El-Ameen Ahmed (Sokhari) El-Hassan, A., and Ahmed, S.A.O. (2020). Laying the groundwork: 2020 survey season and community outreach programme at the Kerma Period settlement site es-Selim R4 in the Northern Dongola Reach. Sudan & Nubia, 24, 100–111

Moser, S., Glazier, D., Phillips, J.E., el Nemr, L.N., Mousa, M.S., Aiesh, R.N., Richardson, S., Conner, A., and Seymour, M. (2002). Transforming archaeology through practice: Strategies for collaborative archaeology and the Community Archaeology Project at Quseir, Egypt. World Archaeology, 34(2), 220–248

Näser, C. (2019). Exploring attitudes towards the archaeological past: Two case studies from majority Muslim communities in the Nile Valley. Journal of Social Archaeology, 19(3), 379–402

Näser, C. and Tully, G. (2019). Dialogues in the making: Collaborative archaeology in Sudan. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 6(3), 155–171

Obłuski, A. (2021). Introduction. In A. Obłuski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Old Dongola: Development, heritage, archaeology. Fieldwork in 2018–2019. Vol. 1. Excavations (=Polish Publications in Mediterranean Archaeology 1) (pp. 1–10). Leuven–Paris–Bristol, CT: Peeters

Osman, A.M.S. (1992). The folklore of archaeological sites: A case study from Nawri in the Third Cataract Region. In J. Sterner and N. David (eds), An African commitment: Papers in honour of Peter Lewis Shinnie (pp. 31–34). Calgary: University of Calgary Press

Radziwiłko, K. (2025). Ghaddar Community Survey: A socio-archaeological case study. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 34/2, ***–***

Reisner, G.A. (1923). Excavations at Kerma IV–V. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Harvard University

Ritter, C. (2014). Sudan, tourism. In J. Jafari and H. Xiao (eds), Encyclopedia of tourism (pp. 906–907). Cham: Springer

Ryan, P., Hassan, M., Saad, M., Jaeger, M., Cartwright, C., Fuller, D., and Spencer, N. (2021). The biocultural heritage and historical ecology of date palm cultivation in Nubian villages, northern Sudan. Sudan & Nubia, 25, 24–39

Schrader, S.A., Fushiya, T., Saad, M., and Mohamed, E.H.A. (2024). Decolonizing bioarchaeology in Sudan. Journal of African Archaeology, 22(1–2), 12–28

Smith, L. (2006). Uses of heritage. London–New York: Routledge

Spencer, N., Fushiya, T., Ryan, P., Abd Rabo, S., and Saad, M. (2024). Towards local agency: Critical reflections on community engagement programmes at Abkanisa/Amara West, northern Sudan. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 11(1–2), 20–33

Tarczewski, R. and Dziedzic, T. (2015). Dongola Site Presentation Project: Progress in the 2013 season. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014: Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 325–331). Warsaw: PCMA UW

Tourism: Sudan. (2017). Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series, 53(11), 21515B–21515C

Tully, G. (2007). Community archaeology: General methods and standards of practice. Public Archaeology, 6(3), 155–187

Tully, G. (2014). Community archaeology on Mograt Island: Sharing spaces, understanding sites. Der Antike Sudan, 25, 155–160

UN World Tourism Organisation. (2019). Sudan: Country-specific: Basic indicators (compendium) 2014–2018 (11.2019). In Tourism statistics. Retrieved from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.5555/unwtotfb0736010020142018201911 (accessed: 18.08.2024)

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2024). Human Development Report 2023/2024: Breaking the gridlock. Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. New York: UNDP

USAID. (2020). Activity fact sheet: Rediscovering Esna’s cultural heritage. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20250110162841/https://2017-2020.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USAIDEgypt_EG-Tourism_Esna_2020_EN.pdf (accessed: 14.01.2025)

USAID. (2023). Tourism. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20250201031203/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/EG-Tourism%20Sector%20Fact%20Sheet%20EN%202023%20.pdf (accessed: 14.01.2025)

Vandenbeusch, M. (2017). Roofing houses at Amara West: A case study. In N. Spencer, A. Stevens, and M. Binder (eds), Nubia in the New Kingdom: Lived experience, pharaonic control and indigenous traditions (=British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan 3) (pp. 389–405). Leuven–Paris–Bristol, CT: Peeters

Varutti, M. (2015). Crafting heritage: Artisans and the making of Indigenous heritage in contemporary Taiwan. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 21(10), 1036–1049

Warowna, M. (2022a). Basketry and cordage. In A. Obłuski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Old Dongola: Development, heritage, archaeology. Fieldwork in 2018–2019. Vol. 2. Material studies (=Polish Publications in Mediterranean Archaeology 6) (pp. 181–217). Leuven–Paris–Bristol, CT: Peeters

Warowna, M. (2022b). Basketry and cordage in Old Dongola between the 16th and 18th centuries (MA thesis). University of Warsaw

Wendrich, W. (1999). The world according to basketry: An ethno-archaeological interpretation of basketry production in Egypt. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies (CNWS), Universiteit Leiden

WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council). (2023). Travel & tourism: Economic impact 2023: Sudan. Retrieved from https://assets-global.website-files.com/6329bc97af73223b575983ac/647eec5a0b48dbe2a3002c0a_EIR2023-Sudan.pdf (accessed: 21.10.2024)