Old Dongola community engagement from a Sudanese perspective
2025, 34, Numer 2
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Data akceptacji
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Amid growing threats to cultural heritage in Sudan —even prior to the outbreak of conflict in April 2023— the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM) and various national and international archaeological missions emphasized an urgent need for capacity building to support the conservation and management of archaeological sites. Community work has proved effective in this regard. Training Sudanese archaeologists and university students, developing educational programs for learners at various levels, and involving local communities in the protection and management of heritage sites can significantly contribute to the sustainable development and long-term preservation of cultural heritage. This article provides an overview of the latest two community engagement projects conducted by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw (PCMA UW) at Old Dongola. Both projects: the training program in 2021 and the Baraka project, aimed to establish and strengthen the connection between archaeologists and local communities by fostering engagement and collaboration to raise awareness of cultural heritage and encourage community involvement in its preservation and protection. This was achieved by training Sudanese graduates in Archaeology and Tourism from various universities, particularly those of local origin, to serve as facilitators and instructors in community engagement programs targeting diverse local groups, including school students.
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Bibliografia
Anderson, J.R., elRasheed, R.K., and Bashir, M.S. (2018). The Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project: Drones and doors. Dangeil 2017–18. Sudan & Nubia, 22, 107–115
Atalay, S. (2012). Community-based archaeology: Research with, by, and for Indigenous and local communities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Baraka: Revitalization of the oldest mosque in Sudan: Progress report of the activities (January–July 2023). (2023). Unpublished report submitted to the Aliph Foundation
Bashir, M.S. (2003). Oral testimonies regarding the fortresses in the Southern Dongola Reach (collected during the SDRS 2000 season): A preliminary report. In B. Żurawski, Survey and excavations between Old Dongola and Ez-Zuma (=Nubia 2; Southern Dongola Reach Survey 1) (pp. 519–520). Warsaw: Neriton
Beyin, A., Adam, A.A., Balela, A.A.O., and Adem, B.A. (2020). Results of a second season of Paleolithic survey in the Agig area: The Red Sea region of the Sudan. Sudan & Nubia, 24, 258–271
Bradshaw, R. and Emberling, G. (2022). Heritage, archaeology, and local communities in Sudan. In Oxford research encyclopedia of anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.534
Chirikure, S. and Pwiti, G. (2008). Community involvement in archaeology and cultural heritage management: An assessment from case studies in Southern Africa and elsewhere. Current Anthropology, 49(3), 467–485
Colwell-Chanthaphonh, C. and Ferguson, T.J. (2008). Introduction: The collaborative continuum. In C. Colwell-Chanthaphonh and T.J. Ferguson (eds), Collaboration in archaeological practice: Engaging descendant communities (pp. 1–32). Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press
Drzewiecki, M., Ciesielska, J., Kurcz, M., Dudek, A., Mohammed, N.A., and Suliman, Y.A. B. (2023). Soba Expedition: Preliminary fieldwork report (2022–2023). Studia Etnologiczne i Antropologiczne, 23(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.31261/SEIA.2023.23.01.01
Drzewiecki, M., Ryndziewicz, R., Ciesielska, J.A., Michalik, T., Kurcz, M., Czyżewska-Zalewska, E., and Adam, R.A. (2020). New fieldwork at Soba East (2019–2020 season). Sudan & Nubia, 24, 233–246
Fushiya, T. (2017). Connecting archaeology and local communities at Amara West. The British Museum Newsletter: Egypt and Sudan, 4, 33
Fushiya, T. (2020). Valuing archaeology? The past, present, and future for local people and archaeologists in Sudanese Nubia (Ph.D. diss.). Leiden University
Fushiya, T. (2021a). Dialogue Community Project in Old Dongola (2019–2021). Sudan & Nubia, 25, 95–107
Fushiya, T. (2021b). Teaching collaborative archaeology and heritage management in Sudan. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 30/2, 537–554
Fushiya, T. (2025a). Foreword. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 34/2, ***–***
Fushiya, T. (2025b). Heritage, tourism and community: Developing community-based tourism in Old Dongola, Sudan. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 34/2, ***–***
Fushiya, T. and Radziwiłko, K. (2019). Old Dongola Community Engagement Project: Preliminary report from the first season. Sudan & Nubia, 23, 172–181
Fushiya, T. and Siedahmed, M.H. (2024). Testimonies of cooperative care: A socioeconomic system of maintenance of the oldest mosque in Sudan. In T. Joffroy, A. Crosby, D. Gandreau, A. Hubert, S. Marchi, and J. Spencer (eds), Nile’s earth 2023: International conference, 4–5–6 July 2023. Study and conservation of earthen archaeological sites in ancient Egypt and Sudan. Proceedings, March 2024 (pp. 81–88). Villefontaine: CRAterre éditions
Godlewski, W. (2013). Dongola: Ancient Tungul. Archaeological guide (=PCMA Archaeological Guides 1). Warsaw: PCMA UW
Guilfoyle, D.R. and Hogg, E.A. (2015). Towards an evaluation-based framework of collaborative archaeology. Advances in Archaeological Practice, 3(2), 107–123
Humphris, J. (2020). Sudan today: Exploring the cultural heritage of Meroe’s communities. Edinburgh: Akkadia Press
Humphris, J. and Bradshaw, R. (2017). Understanding ‘the community’ before community archaeology: A case study from Sudan. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 4(3), 203–217
Humphris, J., Bradshaw, R., and Emberling, G. (2021). Archaeological Practice in the 21st Century: Reflecting on Archaeologist-Community Relationships in Sudan’s Nile Valley. In the G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia (pp. 1127–1147). Oxford: Oxford University Press
Kajda, K., Marx, A., Wright, H., Richards, J., Marciniak, A., Rossenbach, K.S., … Frase, I. (2018). Archaeology, heritage, and social value: Public perspectives on European archaeology. European Journal of Archaeology, 21(1), 96–117
Keshk, F. and Regulski, I. (2020–2021). A Tale of Shutb. The British Museum Newsletter: Egypt and Sudan, 7–8, 19
Kleinitz, C. (2019). The 2016/17 field season at Musawwarat es-Sufra (Sudan): From conservation planning, applied conservation and protection measures to archaeological and social anthropological research. Der Antike Sudan, 30, 7–33
Kusimba, C.M. (2017). Community archaeology and heritage in coastal and Western Kenya. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 4(3), 218–228
Larsen, P.B. (2021). From development displacement and salvage archaeology in Nubia to inclusive sustainable heritage and development crafting in Old Dongola. Sudan & Nubia, 25, 82–94
Larsen, P.B. (2024). Heritage and sustainable development strategy, the 2021 action plan for Old Dongola and the Nafir commitment. Dane Badawcze UW. https://doi.org/10.58132/EUAVKA
Little, B.J. and Shackel, P.A. (2014). Archaeology, heritage, and civic engagement: Working toward the public good. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press
Mallinson, M., Mallinson, H., Mohamed, A.A., Gar al-Nabi, G., and el-Malik, I.M.O. (2020). Western Sudan Community Museum (WSCM) – British Council Cultural Protection Fund, in partnership with the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport – the story so far. Sudan & Nubia, 24, 301–310
Marshall, Y. (2002). What is community archaeology? World Archaeology, 34(2), 211–219
Mason, R. (2002). Assessing values in conservation planning: Methodological issues and choices. In M. de la Torre (ed.), Assessing the values of cultural heritage: Research report (pp. 5–30). Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute
Moser, S., Glazier, D., Phillips, J.E., el Nemr, L.N., Mousa, M.S., Aiesh, R.N., Richardson, S., Conner, A., and Seymour, M. (2002). Transforming archaeology through practice: Strategies for collaborative archaeology and the Community Archaeology Project at Quseir, Egypt. World Archaeology, 34(2), 220–248
Näser, C. and Tully, G. (2019). Dialogues in the making: Collaborative archaeology in Sudan. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 6(3), 155–171
Nilsson Stutz, L. (2018). A future for archaeology: In defense of an intellectually engaged, collaborative and confident archaeology. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 51(1–2), 48–56
Obłuski, A. (2014). The rise of Nobadia: Social changes in northern Nubia in Late Antiquity (=Journal of Juristic Papyrology Supplement 20). Warsaw: Raphael Taubenschlag Foundation
Obłuski, A. and Dzierzbicka, D. (2021). Starting anew at Old Dongola. Sudan & Nubia, 25, 67–81
Obłuski, A., Godlewski, W., Kołątaj, W., Medeksza, S., and Calaforra-Rzepka, C. (2013). The Mosque Building in Dongola. Conservation and revitalization project. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 22, 248–272
Plumer, M. (2018). How can community engagement in the local past and archaeological research be mutually beneficial? A case study in community archaeology from Sauvie Island, Oregon (MA thesis). Portland State University
Radziwiłko, K. (2025). Ghaddar Community Survey: A socio-archaeological case study. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 34/2, ***–***
Spencer, N. (2019). Curated by the community. British Museum Magazine, 2019(Winter), 40–42
Spencer, N., Fushiya, T., Ryan, P., Abd Rabo, S., and Saad, M. (2024). Towards local agency: Critical reflections on community engagement programmes at Abkanisa/Amara West, northern Sudan. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 11(1–2), 20–33
Stark, R.J. (2025). “The People of Ghazali”: A consideration of community engagement in bioarchaeology. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 34/2, ***–***
Tabet, Y. and Seif, A. (2019). Report of the Joint World Heritage/ICOMOS Reactive Monitoring Mission to the World Heritage Site of “Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region”, Sudan (17–25 February 2019). Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/document/180491 (accessed: 15.01.2025)
Anderson, J.R., elRasheed, R.K., and Bashir, M.S. (2018). The Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project: Drones and doors. Dangeil 2017–18. Sudan & Nubia, 22, 107–115
Atalay, S. (2012). Community-based archaeology: Research with, by, and for Indigenous and local communities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Baraka: Revitalization of the oldest mosque in Sudan: Progress report of the activities (January–July 2023). (2023). Unpublished report submitted to the Aliph Foundation
Bashir, M.S. (2003). Oral testimonies regarding the fortresses in the Southern Dongola Reach (collected during the SDRS 2000 season): A preliminary report. In B. Żurawski, Survey and excavations between Old Dongola and Ez-Zuma (=Nubia 2; Southern Dongola Reach Survey 1) (pp. 519–520). Warsaw: Neriton
Beyin, A., Adam, A.A., Balela, A.A.O., and Adem, B.A. (2020). Results of a second season of Paleolithic survey in the Agig area: The Red Sea region of the Sudan. Sudan & Nubia, 24, 258–271
Bradshaw, R. and Emberling, G. (2022). Heritage, archaeology, and local communities in Sudan. In Oxford research encyclopedia of anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.534
Chirikure, S. and Pwiti, G. (2008). Community involvement in archaeology and cultural heritage management: An assessment from case studies in Southern Africa and elsewhere. Current Anthropology, 49(3), 467–485
Colwell-Chanthaphonh, C. and Ferguson, T.J. (2008). Introduction: The collaborative continuum. In C. Colwell-Chanthaphonh and T.J. Ferguson (eds), Collaboration in archaeological practice: Engaging descendant communities (pp. 1–32). Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press
Drzewiecki, M., Ciesielska, J., Kurcz, M., Dudek, A., Mohammed, N.A., and Suliman, Y.A. B. (2023). Soba Expedition: Preliminary fieldwork report (2022–2023). Studia Etnologiczne i Antropologiczne, 23(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.31261/SEIA.2023.23.01.01
Drzewiecki, M., Ryndziewicz, R., Ciesielska, J.A., Michalik, T., Kurcz, M., Czyżewska-Zalewska, E., and Adam, R.A. (2020). New fieldwork at Soba East (2019–2020 season). Sudan & Nubia, 24, 233–246
Fushiya, T. (2017). Connecting archaeology and local communities at Amara West. The British Museum Newsletter: Egypt and Sudan, 4, 33
Fushiya, T. (2020). Valuing archaeology? The past, present, and future for local people and archaeologists in Sudanese Nubia (Ph.D. diss.). Leiden University
Fushiya, T. (2021a). Dialogue Community Project in Old Dongola (2019–2021). Sudan & Nubia, 25, 95–107
Fushiya, T. (2021b). Teaching collaborative archaeology and heritage management in Sudan. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 30/2, 537–554
Fushiya, T. (2025a). Foreword. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 34/2, ***–***
Fushiya, T. (2025b). Heritage, tourism and community: Developing community-based tourism in Old Dongola, Sudan. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 34/2, ***–***
Fushiya, T. and Radziwiłko, K. (2019). Old Dongola Community Engagement Project: Preliminary report from the first season. Sudan & Nubia, 23, 172–181
Fushiya, T. and Siedahmed, M.H. (2024). Testimonies of cooperative care: A socioeconomic system of maintenance of the oldest mosque in Sudan. In T. Joffroy, A. Crosby, D. Gandreau, A. Hubert, S. Marchi, and J. Spencer (eds), Nile’s earth 2023: International conference, 4–5–6 July 2023. Study and conservation of earthen archaeological sites in ancient Egypt and Sudan. Proceedings, March 2024 (pp. 81–88). Villefontaine: CRAterre éditions
Godlewski, W. (2013). Dongola: Ancient Tungul. Archaeological guide (=PCMA Archaeological Guides 1). Warsaw: PCMA UW
Guilfoyle, D.R. and Hogg, E.A. (2015). Towards an evaluation-based framework of collaborative archaeology. Advances in Archaeological Practice, 3(2), 107–123
Humphris, J. (2020). Sudan today: Exploring the cultural heritage of Meroe’s communities. Edinburgh: Akkadia Press
Humphris, J. and Bradshaw, R. (2017). Understanding ‘the community’ before community archaeology: A case study from Sudan. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 4(3), 203–217
Humphris, J., Bradshaw, R., and Emberling, G. (2021). Archaeological Practice in the 21st Century: Reflecting on Archaeologist-Community Relationships in Sudan’s Nile Valley. In the G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia (pp. 1127–1147). Oxford: Oxford University Press
Kajda, K., Marx, A., Wright, H., Richards, J., Marciniak, A., Rossenbach, K.S., … Frase, I. (2018). Archaeology, heritage, and social value: Public perspectives on European archaeology. European Journal of Archaeology, 21(1), 96–117
Keshk, F. and Regulski, I. (2020–2021). A Tale of Shutb. The British Museum Newsletter: Egypt and Sudan, 7–8, 19
Kleinitz, C. (2019). The 2016/17 field season at Musawwarat es-Sufra (Sudan): From conservation planning, applied conservation and protection measures to archaeological and social anthropological research. Der Antike Sudan, 30, 7–33
Kusimba, C.M. (2017). Community archaeology and heritage in coastal and Western Kenya. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 4(3), 218–228
Larsen, P.B. (2021). From development displacement and salvage archaeology in Nubia to inclusive sustainable heritage and development crafting in Old Dongola. Sudan & Nubia, 25, 82–94
Larsen, P.B. (2024). Heritage and sustainable development strategy, the 2021 action plan for Old Dongola and the Nafir commitment. Dane Badawcze UW. https://doi.org/10.58132/EUAVKA
Little, B.J. and Shackel, P.A. (2014). Archaeology, heritage, and civic engagement: Working toward the public good. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press
Mallinson, M., Mallinson, H., Mohamed, A.A., Gar al-Nabi, G., and el-Malik, I.M.O. (2020). Western Sudan Community Museum (WSCM) – British Council Cultural Protection Fund, in partnership with the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport – the story so far. Sudan & Nubia, 24, 301–310
Marshall, Y. (2002). What is community archaeology? World Archaeology, 34(2), 211–219
Mason, R. (2002). Assessing values in conservation planning: Methodological issues and choices. In M. de la Torre (ed.), Assessing the values of cultural heritage: Research report (pp. 5–30). Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute
Moser, S., Glazier, D., Phillips, J.E., el Nemr, L.N., Mousa, M.S., Aiesh, R.N., Richardson, S., Conner, A., and Seymour, M. (2002). Transforming archaeology through practice: Strategies for collaborative archaeology and the Community Archaeology Project at Quseir, Egypt. World Archaeology, 34(2), 220–248
Näser, C. and Tully, G. (2019). Dialogues in the making: Collaborative archaeology in Sudan. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 6(3), 155–171
Nilsson Stutz, L. (2018). A future for archaeology: In defense of an intellectually engaged, collaborative and confident archaeology. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 51(1–2), 48–56
Obłuski, A. (2014). The rise of Nobadia: Social changes in northern Nubia in Late Antiquity (=Journal of Juristic Papyrology Supplement 20). Warsaw: Raphael Taubenschlag Foundation
Obłuski, A. and Dzierzbicka, D. (2021). Starting anew at Old Dongola. Sudan & Nubia, 25, 67–81
Obłuski, A., Godlewski, W., Kołątaj, W., Medeksza, S., and Calaforra-Rzepka, C. (2013). The Mosque Building in Dongola. Conservation and revitalization project. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 22, 248–272
Plumer, M. (2018). How can community engagement in the local past and archaeological research be mutually beneficial? A case study in community archaeology from Sauvie Island, Oregon (MA thesis). Portland State University
Radziwiłko, K. (2025). Ghaddar Community Survey: A socio-archaeological case study. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 34/2, ***–***
Spencer, N. (2019). Curated by the community. British Museum Magazine, 2019(Winter), 40–42
Spencer, N., Fushiya, T., Ryan, P., Abd Rabo, S., and Saad, M. (2024). Towards local agency: Critical reflections on community engagement programmes at Abkanisa/Amara West, northern Sudan. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 11(1–2), 20–33
Stark, R.J. (2025). “The People of Ghazali”: A consideration of community engagement in bioarchaeology. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 34/2
Tabet, Y. and Seif, A. (2019). Report of the Joint World Heritage/ICOMOS Reactive Monitoring Mission to the World Heritage Site of “Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region”, Sudan (17–25 February 2019). Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/document/180491 (accessed: 15.01.2025)
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Podobne publikacje
- Old DongolaHeritage
Foreword
- community archaeologyfield methodologytheorycollaborative interpretation
Archaeology with and within the community at Old Dongola: a view from the trenches
- community engagementknowledge transferSudanethicsisotopes and DNA
“The People of Ghazali”: a consideration of community engagement in bioarchaeology