Oryginalny artykuł naukowy
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean

Remarks on titles on Middle Kingdom coffins and sarcophagi from Thebes and the vizier Amenemhat

2025, 34, Numer 3


Data publikacji

31.12.2025

Data otrzymania

02.04.2024

Data akceptacji

18.03.2025

Model publikowania

open access

Rodzaj licencji


Dziedzina

Dziedzina nauk humanistycznych

Dyscyplina

archeologia

Klasyfikacja

-

Język publikacji

Angielski

Liczba wyświetleń:48

Liczba pobrań:0

Cytowania Crossref:0

Wynik Altmetric:0

Zobacz mapę pobrań

Abstrakt

This is a survey of the titles on the coffins of the highest court officials of the Middle Kingdom. Officials are identified on their monuments by their titles and names. In contrast to other periods, title strings in the Middle Kingdom are often short. Most highest court officials also bear ranking titles to distinguish them from lower-ranking officials. A survey of titles on the coffins of the highest court officials reveals a shift over time. In the early Middle Kingdom, ranking titles were very important and sometimes the only ones mentioned. In the late Middle Kingdom, function titles became more common, while ranking titles lost importance. The second part of this article discusses the tomb of the vizier Amenemhat. His titles appear on different objects in his tomb, suggesting that these objects were produced at different stages of his career. Most importantly, it seems that the coffin was made early in his career, as it bears his lowest title.

Słowa kluczowe:

Bibliografia

Allen, J.P. (2003). The high officials of the early Middle Kingdom. In N. Strudwick and J.H. Taylor (eds), The Theban necropolis: Past, present, and future (pp. 14–29). London: British Museum Press

Allen, J.P. (2021). Inscriptions from Lisht: Texts from burial chambers (=Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition 31). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art

Arnold, Di. (1971). Grabung im Asasif, 1963–1970, I. Das Grab des Jnj-jtj.f: Die Architektur (=Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 4). Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern

Arnold, Di. (2008). Middle Kingdom tomb architecture at Lisht (=Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition 28). New York–New Haven, CT: Metropolitan Museum of Art; Yale University Press

Arnold, Do. (1991). Amenemhat I and the early Twelfth Dynasty at Thebes. Metropolitan Museum Journal, 26, 5–48

Baines, J. and Yoffee, N. (1998). Order, legitimacy, and wealth in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. In G.M. Feinman and J. Marcus (eds), Archaic states (pp. 199–260). Santa Fe: School of American Research Press

Berlev, O. (1974). A contemporary of King Sewaḥ-en-rē’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 60, 106–113

Birch, S. (1886). Egyptian texts of the earliest period from the coffin of Amamu in the British Museum. London: Longmans & Co.

Bosticco, S. and Rosati, G. (2003). Il sarcofago di Amenemhet-seneb a Firenze. Aegyptus, 83(1/2), 15–52

Bourriau, J. (1988). Pharaohs and mortals: Egyptian art in the Middle Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Bruyère, B. (1930). Rapport sur les fouilles de Deir el Médineh (1929) (=Fouilles de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire 7). Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale

Caminos, R.A. and Osing, J. (2021). The Wadi Shatt el-Rigal (=EES Excavation Memoirs 118). London: Egypt Exploration Society

Chudzik, P. (2016a). Middle Kingdom tombs of Asasif: Archaeological activities in 2015. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 25, 289–302

Chudzik, P. (2016b). Tajemnice egipskich grobowców / Secrets of Egyptian tombs. Wrocław: Uniwersytet Wrocławski

Dahms, J.-M. (2020). Die Särge des Karenen: Untersuchungen zu Pyramidentexten und Sargtexten (=Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 285). Leuven: Peeters

Daressy, G. (1893). Notes et remarques. Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l’archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes pour servir de bullletin à la Mission Française du Caire, 14, 20–38

Daressy, G. (1901). Trois points inexplorés de la nécropole thébaine. Annales du Service des antiquités de l’Égypte, 2, 133–136

Davies, N. de G. (1913). Five Theban tombs (being those of Mentuherkhepeshef, User, Daga, Nehemawäy and Tati) (=Archaeological Survey of Egypt 21). London: Egypt Exploration Fund

El-Aref, N. (2023). Three new discoveries. Ahram Online. Retrieved from https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1207/487322/AlAhram-Weekly/Heritage/Three-new-discoveries.aspx (accessed: 06.02.2024)

Engelbach, R. (1923). Harageh (=Publications of the Egyptian Research Account and the British School of Archaeology in Egypt 28). London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt

Firth, C.M. and Gunn, B.G. (1926). Excavations at Saqqara: Teti pyramid cemeteries I–II. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale

Franke, D. (1984). Probleme der Arbeit mit altägyptischen Titeln des Mittleren Reiches. Göttinger Miszellen, 83, 103–124

Freed, R. (1981). A private stela from Naga ed-Der and relief style of the reign of Amenemhet I. In W.K. Simpson and W.M. Davis (eds), Studies in ancient Egypt, the Aegean, and the Sudan: Essays in honor of Dows Dunham on the occasion of his 90th birthday, June 1, 1980 (pp. 68–76). Boston: Department of Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Art, Museum of Fine Arts

Garstang, J. (1901). El Arábah: A cemetery of the Middle Kingdom; survey of the Old Kingdom Temenos; graffiti from the temple of Sety (=Publications of the Egyptian Research Account 6). London: B. Quaritch

Graefe, E. (2003). Das Grab des Padihorresnet, Obervermögensverwalter der Gottesgemahlin des Amun (Thebanisches Grab Nr. 196) (=Monumenta Aegyptiaca 9). Turnhout: Brepols

Grajetzki, W. (2000). Die höchsten Beamten der ägyptischen Zentralverwaltung zur Zeit des Mittleren Reiches: Prosoprographie, Titel und Titelreihen (=Achet A2). Berlin: Achet-Verlag

Grajetzki, W. (2001). Two treasurers of the late Middle Kingdom (=BAR International Series 1007). Oxford: Archaeopress

Grajetzki, W. (2005). Zu einigen Titeln in literarischen Werken des Mittleren Reiches. Chronique d’Égypte, 80(159–160), 36–65

Hall, H.R. (1914). Review of “A topographical catalogue of the private tombs at Thebes” by Alan H. Gardiner, Arthur E.P. Weigall; “Five Theban tombs” by N. de Garis Davies. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 1(2), 154–155

Hayes, W.C. (1953). The scepter of Egypt: A background for the study of the Egyptian antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art I. From the earliest times to the end of the Middle Kingdom. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art

Hayes, W.C. (1959). The scepter of Egypt: A background for the study of the Egyptian antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art II. The Hyksos period and the New Kingdom (1675–1080 B.C.). New York: Harper & Brothers

Ilin-Tomich, A. (2021). The Vizier Ankhu and the dual vizierate in the late Middle Kingdom. Journal of Egyptian History, 14(2), 145–169

Ilin-Tomich, A. (2022). Minor contributions to Middle Kingdom prosopography. In G. Miniaci and W. Grajetzki (eds), The world of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000–1550 BC): Contributions on archaeology, art, religion, and written sources III (pp. 207–216). London: Golden House Publications

Lacau, P. (1904). Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. Nos 28001–28086: Sarcophages antérieurs au Nouvel Empire I. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale

Lepsius, C.R. (ed.). (1852). Denkmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien: Nach den Zeichnungen der von seiner Majestät dem Koenige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842–1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition auf Befehl seiner Majestaet II. Topographie und Architectur. Berlin: Nicolaische Buchhandlung

Lepsius, C.R. (ed.) (1900). Denkmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien, nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen, Friedrich Wilhelm IV., nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842–1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition. Text III. Theben (É.H. Naville, L. Borchardt, K. Sethe, eds). Leipzig: J.-C. Hinrichs

Lüscher, B. (1990). Untersuchungen zu ägyptischen Kanopenkästen: Vom Alten Reich bis zum Ende der Zweiten Zwischenzeit (=Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge 31). Hildesheim: Gerstenberg Verlag

Mace, A.C. and Winlock, H.E. (1916). The tomb of Senebtisi at Lisht (=Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition 1). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art

Martin, G.T. (1971). Egyptian administrative and private-name seals, principally of the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period. Oxford: Griffith Institute

Miniaci, G. and Quirke, S. (2008). Mariette at Dra Abu El-Naga and the tomb of Neferhotep: A mid 13th Dynasty rishi coffin (?). Egitto e Vicino Oriente, 31, 5–25

Montet, P. (1947). Les constructions et le tombeau d’Osorkon II à Tanis (=La nécropole royale de Tanis 1). Paris: Jourde et Allard

Murray, M.A. (1910). The tomb of two brothers. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes

Nelson, M. and Kalos, M. (2000). Concessions funéraires du Moyen Empire découvertes au nord-ouest du Ramesseum. Memnonia, 11, 131–151

Onderka, P., Navrátilová, H., Toivari-Viitala, J., Hallmann, A., Hilbig, A., von Stülpnagel, K.-H., and Svobodová, H. (2014). The Deir el-Medina and Jaroslav Černý collections. Prague: National Museum

Petrie, W.M.F. (1888). A season in Egypt: 1887. London: Field & Tuer, The Leadenhall Press

Polz, D. and Seiler, A. (2003). Die Pyramidenanlage des Königs Nub-Cheper-Re Intef in Dra’ Abu el-Naga: Ein Vorbericht (=Sonderschriften des Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Kairo 24). Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern

Quirke, S. (1996). Horn, feather and scale, and ships: On titles in the Middle Kingdom. In P. Der Manuelian (ed.), Studies in honor of William Kelly Simpson II (pp. 665–677). Boston: Department of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian, and Near Eastern Art, Museum of Fine Arts

Quirke, S. (2004). Titles and bureaux of Egypt, 1850–1700 BC. London: Golden House Publications

Seco Àlvarez, M. and Martínez Babón, J. (2021). Middle Kingdom tombs and objects in Thutmosis III’s Temple of Millions of Years (Luxor). In A. Jiménez Serrano and A.J. Morales (eds), Middle Kingdom palace culture and its echoes in the provinces: Regional perspectives and realities (=Harvard Egyptological Studies 12) (pp. 417–449). Leiden: Brill

Siesse, J. (2019). La XIIIe dynastie: histoire de la fin du Moyen Empire égyptien. Paris: Sorbonne Université Presses

Speleers, L. (1923). Recueil des inscriptions égyptiennes des Musées royaux du cinquantenaire à Bruxelles. Brussels: Vanderpoorten

Valloggia, M. (1974). Les vizirs des XIe et XIIe dynasties. Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 74, 123–134

Ward, W.A. (1982). Index of Egyptian administrative and religious titles of the Middle Kingdom: With a glossary of words and phrases used. Beirut: American University of Beirut

Wegner, J.W. and Cahail, K. (2021). King Seneb-Kay’s tomb and the necropolis of a lost dynasty at Abydos (=University Museum Monograph 155). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

Whelan, P. (2016). On the context and conception of two “trademark” styles from late Middle Kingdom Abydos. In G. Miniaci and W. Grajetzki (eds), The world of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000–1550 BC): Contributions on archaeology, art, religion, and written sources II (pp. 285–338). London: Golden House Publications

Willems, H. (1988). Chests of life: A study of the typology and conceptual development of Middle Kingdom standard class coffins. Leiden: Ex Oriente Lux

Willems, H. (2014). Historical and archaeological aspects of Egyptian funerary culture: Religious ideas and ritual practice in Middle Kingdom elite cemeteries (=Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 73). Leiden–Boston: Brill

Winlock, H.E. (1922). The Egyptian Expedition, 1921–1922: Excavations at Thebes. Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 17(12/2), 19–49

Winlock, H.E. (1947). The rise and fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes. New York: Macmillan

Zonhoven, L. (2018–2019). Ezelpoot of runderpoot? De Hiëroglief (F25) en de titel onder de loep gelegd. Mehen, 2018–2019, 102–115

Podobne publikacje