The contest scene in EDIII Mesopotamian glyptic art

Al-Gailani Werr, L. (ed.). (1992). Old Babylonian cylinder seals from the Hamrin (=Edubba 2). London: Nabu

Allotte de la Fuÿe, M. (1908). Documents présargoniques I. Paris: Ernest Leroux

Amiet, P. (1956). Le symbolisme cosmique du repertoire animalier en Mésopotamie. Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 50(3), 113–126

Amiet, P. (1957). Les intailles orientales de la collection Henri de Genouillac conservées au Musée départemental des Antiquités de Seine-Maritime à Rouen. Cahiers de Byrsa, 7, 35–73

Amiet, P. (1980a). La glyptique mésopotamienne archaïque (2nd, rev. ed.). Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Amiet, P. (1980b). The mythological repertory in cylinder seals of the Agade period (c. 2335–2155 B.C.). In E. Porada (ed.), Ancient art in seals: Essays by Pierre Amiet, Nimet Ozgüc, and John Boardman (pp. 35–60). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Aruz, J. and Wallenfels, R. (eds). (2003). Art of the first cities: The third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art

Azize, J. (2002). Wrestling as a symbol for maintaining the order of nature in ancient Mesopotamia. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, 2(1), 1–26

Beyer, D. (2007). Les sceaux de Mari au IIIe millénaire: Observations sur la documentation ancienne et les données nouvelles des villes I et II. In J.-C. Margueron, O. Rouault, and P. Lombard (eds), Akh Purattim 1 (pp. 231–260). Lyon: Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée

Black, J. and Green, A. (2004). Gods, demons, and symbols of ancient Mesopotamia: An illustrated dictionary. London: British Museum Press

Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E., Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G. (1998–2006). The electronic text corpus of Sumerian literature. Oxford. Retrieved from https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/ (accessed: 10.11.2022)

Boehmer, R.M. (1965). Die Entwicklung der Glyptik während der Akkad-Zeit (=Untersuchungen zur Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 4). Berlin: De Gruyter

Boehmer, R.M. (1978). Früheste altorientalische Darstellungen des Wisents. Baghdader Mitteilungen, 9, 18–21

Braun-Holzinger, E.A. (1990). Löwenadler. In Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie VII (pp. 94–97). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter

Braun-Holzinger, E.A. (1999). Apotropaic figures at Mesopotamian temples in the third and second millennia. In T. Abusch and K. van der Toorn (eds), Mesopotamian magic: Textual, historical, and interpretative perspectives (=Ancient Magic and Divination 1) (pp. 149–172). Groningen: Styx Publications

Breniquet, C. (2002). Animals in Mesopotamian art. In B.J. Collins (ed.), A history of the animal world in the ancient Near East (=Handbuch der Orientalistik 64) (pp. 145–168). Leiden: Brill

Brisch, N. (2016). Anunna (Anunnaku, Anunnaki) (a group of gods). In Ancient Mesopotamian gods and goddesses. Retrieved from http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/anunna/ (accessed: 10.11.2022)

Buchanan, B. (1966). Catalogue of ancient Near Eastern seals in the Ashmolean Museum I. Cylinder seals. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Buchanan, B. (1981). Early Near Eastern seals in the Yale Babylonian Collection. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press

Collon, D. (1982). Catalogue of the Western Asiatic seals in the British Museum. Cylinder seals II. Akkadian, Post-Akkadian, Ur III periods. London: British Museum

Collon, D. (2005). First impressions: Cylinder seals in the ancient Near East. London: British Museum Publications

Costello, S.K. (2010). The Mesopotamian “nude hero”: Context and interpretations. In D.B. Counts and B. Arnold (eds), The master of animals in old world iconography (pp. 25–35). Budapest: Archaeolingua Alapítvány

Delaporte, L.-J. (1923). Musée du Louvre: Catalogue des cylindres, cachets et pierres gravées de style oriental II. Acquisitions. Paris: Hachette

Dittmann, R. (2017). The hare has lost his spectacles. Notes on contest scenes, early occurrences. Ash-Sharq, 1(1), 162–169

Doumet, C. (1992). Sceaux et cylindres orientaux: la collection Chiha (=Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 9). Fribourg–Göttingen: Universitätsverlag; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

During Caspers, E.C.L. (1971–1972). The gate-post in Mesopotamian art: A short outline of its origin and development. Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux, 22, 211–227

Eisen, G.A. (1940). Ancient oriental cylinder and other seals: With a description of the collection of Mrs. William H. Moore (=Oriental Institute Publications 47). Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Ellis, M. deJong. (1989). An Old Babylonian kusarikku. In H. Behrens, D. Loding, and M.T. Roth (eds), DUMU-E2-DUB-BA-A: Studies in honor of Åke W. Sjöberg (pp. 121–135). Philadelphia: University Museum

Ellis, R.S. (1995). The trouble with “Hairies.” Iraq, 57, 159–165

Evans, J.M. (2012). The lives of Sumerian sculpture: An archaeology of the early dynastic temple. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Frankfort, H. (1939). Cylinder seals: A documentary essay on the art and religion of the ancient Near East. London: Gregg

Frankfort, H. and Jacobsen, T. (1955). Stratified cylinder seals from the Diyala region (=Oriental Institute Publications 72). Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Frayne, D.R. (2010). Gilgameš in Old Akkadian glyptic. In H.U. Steymans (ed.), Gilgamesch: Ikonographie eines Helden (=Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 245) (pp. 165–208). Fribourg–Göttingen: Universitätsverlag; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

Fuhr-Jaeppelt, I. (1972). Materialien zur Ikonographie des Löwenadlers Anzu-Imdugud. Munich: Scharl & Strohmeyer

George, A.R. (2000). The epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian epic poem and other texts in Akkadian and Sumerian. London: Penguin Books

Gilbert, A.S. (2002). The native fauna of the ancient Near East. In B.J. Collins (ed.), A history of the animal world in the ancient Near East (=Handbuch der Orientalistik 64) (pp. 3–75). Leiden: Brill

Green, A. (1997a). Mischwesen. B. Archäologie. Mesopotamien. In Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie VIII (pp. 246–264). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter

Green, A. (1997b). Mythologie. B. I. In der mesopotamischen Kunst. In Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie VIII (pp. 572–586). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter

Hansen, D.P. (1987). The fantastic world of Sumerian art: Seal impressions from ancient Lagash. In A.E. Farkas, E.B. Harrison, and P.O. Harper (eds), Monsters and demons in the ancient and medieval worlds: Papers presented in honor of Edith Porada (pp. 53–63). Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern

Hansen, D.P. (2001). The reclining human-faced bison sculpture from Area SS. In D. Oates, J. Oates, and H. McDonald (eds), Excavations at Tell Brak II. Nagar in the third millennium BC (pp. 257–263). London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq

Hatt, R.T. (1959). The mammals of Iraq (=Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publications 106). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan

Heimpel, W. (1986). The sun at night and the doors of heaven in Babylonian texts. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 38(2), 127–151

Hempelmann, R. (2004). “Gottschiff” und “Zikkurratbau” auf vorderasiatischen Rollsiegeln des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. (=Alter Orient und Altes Testament 312). Münster: Ugarit-Verlag

Keel, O. (1992). Das Recht der Bilder, gesehen zu werden: Drei Fallstudien zur Methode der Interpretation altorientalischer Bilder (=Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 122). Freiburg–Göttingen: Universitätsverlag; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

Keel-Leu, H. and Teissier, B. (2004). Die vorderasiatischen Rollsiegel der Sammlungen “Bibel + Orient” der Universität Freiburg Schweiz (=Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 200). Fribourg–Göttingen: Academic Press; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

Kist, J., Collon, D., Wiggermann, F.A.M., and Turner, G. (2003). Ancient Near Eastern seals from the Kist collection: Three millennia of miniature reliefs (=Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 18). Leiden–Boston: Brill

Klengel-Brandt, E. and Marzahn, J. (1997). Ein Hortfund mit Kreuzen aus Assur. Baghdader Mitteilungen, 28, 209–238

Krebernik, M. (1992). Mesopotamian myths at Ebla: ARET 5,6 and ARET 5,7. In P. Fronzaroli (ed.), Literature and literary language at Ebla (=Quaderni di Semitistica 18) (pp. 63–149). Florence: Università di Firenze, Dipartimento di Linguistica

Krebernik, M. (2008). Richtergott(heiten). In Reallexikon für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie XI (pp. 354–361). Berlin: De Gruyter

Lambert, W.G. (1979). Near Eastern seals in the Gulbenkian Museum of Oriental Art, University of Durham. Iraq, 41(1), 1–45

Lambert, W.G. (1980). Ištaran (dKA.DI). In Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie V (p. 211). Berlin: De Gruyter

Lambert, W.G. (1985). Trees, snakes and gods in ancient Syria and Anatolia. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 48(3), 435–451

Lambert 1992

Legrain, L. (1936). Ur excavations III. Archaic seal-impressions. London: British Museum

Legrain, L. (1951). Ur excavations X. Seal cylinders. London: British Museum

Ławecka, D. (2009). North-Babylonian motifs in Early Dynastic Mesopotamian glyptics. In O. Drewnowska (ed.), Here & there across the ancient Near East: Studies in honour of Krystyna Łyczkowska (pp. 121–148). Warsaw: Agade

Ławecka, D. (2017). Who were the tribute-bearing people on the “Standard of Ur”? Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 76(2), 337–348

Marchesi, G. and Marchetti, N. (2011). Royal statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia (=Mesopotamian Civilizations 14). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns

Martin 1988

Martin, H.P., Moon, J., and Postgate, J.N. (1985). Abu Salabikh excavations II. Graves 1 to 99. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq

Mayer-Opificius, R. (2006). War and warfare on cylinder seals in the ancient Near East. In P. Taylor (ed.), The iconography of cylinder seals: Colloquium held at the Warburg Institute on October 18 and 19, 2002 (=Warburg Institute Colloquia 9) (pp. 51–61). London: The Warburg Institute

Moortgat, A. (1988). Vorderasiatische Rollsiegel: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Steinschneidekunst (3rd ed.). Berlin: Gebr. Mann

Nys, N. and Bretschneider, J. (2008). Research on the iconography of the leopard. Ugarit-Forschungen, 39, 555–615

Otto, A. (2004). Ausgrabungen in Tall BiК»a/Tuttul IV. Siegel und Siegelabrollungen. SaarbrГјcken: SaarbrГјcker Druckerei und Verlag

Otto, A. (2013). Königssiegel als Programm – Überlegungen zum Selbstverständnis altorientalischer Herrscher und zur Deutung der Tierkampfszene. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 103(1), 45–68

Otto, A. (2018). Glyptic. In A.C. Gunter (ed.), A companion to ancient Near Eastern art (pp. 411–431). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell

Parrot, A. and Dossin, G. (1968). Mission archéologique de Mari IV. Le “trésor” d’Ur (=Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 87). Paris: Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner

Pittman, H. (1998). Cylinder seals. In R.L. Zettler and L. Horne (eds), Treasures from the royal tombs of Ur (pp. 75–84). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

Pittman, H. (2013). Seals and sealings in the Sumerian world. In H. Crawford (ed.), The Sumerian world (pp. 319–341). London–New York: Routledge

Pittman, H. and Aruz, J. (1987). Ancient art in miniature: Near Eastern seals from the collection of Martin and Sarah Cherkasky. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art

Polonsky, J. (2000). Ki-dutu-è-a: Where destiny is determined. In L. Milano, S. de Martino, F.M. Fales, and G.B. Lanfranchi (eds), Landscapes: Territories, frontiers and horizons in the Ancient Near East. Papers presented to the XLIV Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Venezia, 7–11 July 1997. Part III, Landscape in ideology, religion, literature and art (=History of the Ancient Near East. Monographs 3/3) (pp. 89–100). Padua: Sargon

Polonsky, J. (2002). The rise of the Sun God and the determination of destiny in ancient Mesopotamia (Ph.D. diss.). University of Pennsylvania

Porada, E. and Buchanan, B. (1948). Corpus of ancient Near Eastern seals in North American collections (=Bollingen Series 14). New York: Pantheon Books

Rakic, Y. (2014). Impressions of the contest scene: Glyptic imagery and sealing practice in the Akkadian period. In B.A. Brown and M.H. Feldman (eds), Critical approaches to ancient Near Eastern art (pp. 185–203). Boston: De Gruyter

Ravn, O.E. (1960). A catalogue of oriental cylinder seals and seal impressions in the Danish National Museum. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet

Rochberg, F. (2009). “The stars their likeness”: Perspectives on the relation between celestial bodies and gods in ancient Mesopotamia. In B.N. Porter (ed.), What is a god? Anthropomorphic and non-anthropomorphic aspects of deity in ancient Mesopotamia (=Transactions of the Casco Bay Assyriological Institute 2) (pp. 41–91). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns

Rohn, K. (2011). Beschriftete mesopotamische Siegel der Frühdynastischen und der Akkad-Zeit (=Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 32). Fribourg–Göttingen: Academic Press; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

Rohn, K. (2016). Tierkampfszene. In Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie XIV (pp. 6–8). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter

Selz, G.J. (2019). Reflections on the pivotal role of animals in early Mesopotamia. In R. Mattila, S. Ito, and S. Fink (eds), Animals and their relation to gods, humans and things in the ancient world (pp. 23–56). Wiesbaden: Springer VS

Sonik, K. (2014). Pictorial mythology and narrative in the ancient Near East. In B.A. Brown and M.H. Feldman (eds), Critical approaches to ancient Near Eastern art (pp. 265–293). Boston: De Gruyter

Steinkeller, P. (1992). Early Semitic literature and third millennium seals with mythological motifs. In P. Fronzaroli (ed.), Literature and literary language at Ebla (=Quaderni di Semitistica 18) (pp. 243–275). Florence: Università di Firenze, Dipartimento di Linguistica

Steinkeller, P. (2005). Of stars and men: The conceptual and mythological setup of Babylonian extispicy. In A. Gianto (ed.), Biblical and oriental essays in memory of William L. Moran (pp. 11–47). Rome: Pontificio Istituto Biblico

Steinkeller, P. (2017). Luck, fortune, and destiny in ancient Mesopotamia—Or how the Sumerians and Babylonians thought of their place in the flow of things. In O. Drewnowska and M. Sandowicz (eds), Fortune and misfortune in the ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 60th Rencontre assyriologique internationale at Warsaw 21–25 July 2014 (pp. 5–24). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns

Steymans 2010

Thorn, B. and Collon, D. (2013). Dr Lee’s collection of cylinder seals. Iraq, 75, 119–142

van Dijk, R.M. (2016). The form, function and symbolism of standards in ancient Mesopotamia during the third and fourth millennia BCE: An iconographical study (Ph.D. diss.). Stellenbosch University

van Soldt, W. (2005). Ordal. A. Mesopotamien. In Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie X (pp. 124–129). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter

von der Osten, H.H. (1936). Ancient oriental seals in the collection of Mrs. Agnes Baldwin Brett (=Oriental Institute Publications 37). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago

Ward, W.H. (1910). The seal cylinders of Western Asia. Washington, DC: The Carnegie Institution

Watanabe, C.E. (2002). Animal symbolism in Mesopotamia: A contextual approach (=Wiener offene Orientalistik 1). Vienna: Institut für Orientalistik der Universität Wien

Wiggermann, F.A.M. (1981–1982). Exit talim! Studies in Babylonian demonology, I. Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux, 27, 90–105

Wiggermann, F.A.M. (1992). Mesopotamian protective spirits: The ritual texts (=Cuneiform Monographs 1). Groningen: STYX & PP Publications

Wiggermann 1994

Wiggermann, F.A.M. (1996). Scenes from the shadow side. In M.E. Vogelzang and H.L.J. Vanstiphout (eds), Mesopotamian poetic language: Sumerian and Akkadian (=Cuneiform Monographs 6) (pp. 207–230). Groningen: Styx Publications

Wiggermann, F.A.M. (1997). Mischwesen. A. Philologisch. Mesopotamien. In Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie VIII (pp. 222–246). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter

Wiseman, D.J. (1962). Catalogue of the Western Asiatic seals in the British Museum. Cylinder seals I. Uruk: Early Dynastic periods. London: British Museum

Woods, C. (2004). The Sun-God tablet of Nabû-apla-iddina revisited. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 56, 23–103

Woods, C. (2005). On the Euphrates. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 95(1–2), 7–45

Woods, C. (2009). At the edge of the world: Cosmological conceptions of the eastern horizon in Mesopotamia. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, 9(2), 183–239

Woolley, C.L. (1934). Ur excavations II. The royal cemetery: A report on the predynastic and Sargonid graves excavated between 1926 and 1931. London: British Museum

Zettler, R.L. (2007). Dynastic change and institutional administration in southern Mesopotamia in the later third millennium BCE: Evidence from seals and sealing practices. In H. Crawford (ed.), Regime change in the ancient Near East and Egypt: From Sargon of Agade to Saddam Hussein (=Proceedings of the British Academy 136) (pp. 8–35). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Zettler, R.L. and Horne, L. (eds). (1998). Treasures from the royal tombs of Ur. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology