“The People of Ghazali”: a consideration of community engagement in bioarchaeology

2025, 34, No. 2


Publication date

15.09.2025

Submission date

02.09.2024

Acceptance date

31.01.2025

Publishing model

open access

License type


Field

Humanities

Discipline

archeology

Language of publication

English

Downloads

PDF 454 KB

Article

Number of views:111

Number of downloads:34

Crossref citations:0

Altmetric score:0


Abstract

Community engagement approaches, along with the development of capacity building and knowledge transfer under the aegis of such, have grown rapidly in recent years within archaeology as a discipline. With increasing adaptation of community-engaged methodologies among archaeological projects in Sudan have come additional opportunities for further engagement in the realm of bioarchaeological research. Given the unique aspects of bioarchaeology centered around documentation of burials and analyses of skeletal remains, a key arena of engaged approaches has been the development of dedicated workshops to provide methodological training in conjunction with hands-on opportunities during fieldwork. Such capacity development plays an important role in facilitating bioarchaeological inquiry and remains a component of project development in Sudanese contexts that discussion with local stakeholders has demonstrated to be desirable and sought where possible. Such capacity development through three methodologically driven bioarchaeology workshops in conjunction with opportunities for engaging with individuals in Khartoum around bioarchaeological approaches was undertaken in the winter of 2022 as a component of “The People of Ghazali: Tracing the Human Experience in a Nubian Desert Monastic Community (680–1275 CE)” project. This paper explores the dynamics of capacity development and community engagement in the context of bioarchaeological research in Sudan.

Keywords:

Bibliography

AAPA (American Association of Physical Anthropologists). (2003). Code of Ethics of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (approved by the AAPA Membership at the annual business meeting on April 25, 2003). Retrieved from https://bioanth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ethics.pdf (accessed: 28.10.2024)

Abdalla, F.M.A. (2024). Belonging as a post-secondary inter/national student: Where do I belong? Journal of International Students, 14(4), 1047–1063

Abd el Gawad, H. (2023). Strategic narcissism: A lived experience of “decolonizing”, inclusion of and “collaborations” with Indigenous researchers. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie / Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology, 148(2), 289–304

Abu-Khafajah, S. (2011). Meaning-making process of cultural heritage in Jordan: The local communities, the contexts, and the archaeological sites in the citadel of Amman. In K. Okamura and A. Matsuda (eds), New perspectives in global public archaeology (pp. 183–196). New York: Springer

Abusharaf, R.M. (2002). Wanderings: Sudanese migrants and exiles in North America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press

Acabado, S.B. and Martin, M. (2022). Indigenous archaeology in the Philippines: Decolonizing Ifugao history. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press

A crowdfunder to publish Nubian children’s books. (2021). Retrieved from https://500wordsmag.com/art-and-culture/books/a-crowdfunder-to-publish-nubian-childrens-books/ (accessed: 22.04.2025)

Adams, W.Y. (1977). Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Adams, W.Y. (2004). النوبة رواق إفريقيا [Nubia: Corridor to Africa] (Mahgoub El‐Tigani Mahmoud, trans.). Al-Fatima Brothers

Marshall, Y. (2009). Community archaeology. In C. Gosden, B. Cunliffe, and R.A. Joyce (eds), The Oxford handbook of archaeology (pp. 757–772). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Agbor, A.A. (2021). Africans and the costs of obtaining visas for international migration: A disquisition on the trends, implications and biases in the policy framework. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1827526.

https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1827526

Ahmed M. Ali Hakem. (1978). A history of archaeological research in Nubia and the Sudan. In S. Hochfield and E. Riefstahl (eds), Africa in antiquity: The arts of ancient Nubia and the Sudan I. The essays (pp. 36–45). Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum

Alleyne, B. (2002). An idea of community and its discontents: Towards a more reflexive sense of belonging in multicultural Britain. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25(4), 607–627

Amel, M. (2021). The problem of cultural heritage. In H. Safieddine (ed.), Arab Marxism and national liberation: Selected writings (pp. 120–125). Leiden: Brill

AmSARC (American Sudanese Archaeological Research Center). (2023). AmSARC Code of Ethics, October 2023. Retrieved from https://amsarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Oct-2023-AmSARC-Code-of-Ethics-final.pdf (accessed: 28.10.2024)

AmSARC (American Sudanese Archaeological Research Center). (2024). Translations. Retrieved from https://amsarc.org/translations/ (accessed: 28.10.2024)

Andersen, C. (2011). The Philae controversy—Muscular modernization and paternalistic preservation in Aswan and London. History and Anthropology, 22(2), 203–220

Anderson, B.R.O. (2016). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (rev. ed.). London: Verso

Atalay, S. (2006). Indigenous archaeology as decolonizing practice. American Indian Quarterly, 30(3/4), 280–310

Atalay, S. (2012). Community-based archaeology: Research with, by, and for Indigenous and local communities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press

Auenmüller, J. (2019). Topography and regional geography of Nubia: River, cataract and desert landscapes. In D. Raue (ed.), Handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 39–61). Berlin–Boston: De Gruyter

BABAO (British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology). (2019). BABAO Code of Ethics. Retrieved from https://babao.org.uk/resources/guidelines-codes/ (accessed: 24.07.2024)

Baird, J.A. (2023). Unclassified: Structured silences in the archaeological archive. In R. Raja (ed.), Shaping archaeological archives: Dialogues between fieldwork, museum collections, and private archives (pp. 19–32). Turnhout: Brepols

Bechhaus-Gerst, M. (2011). The (hi)story of Nobiin—1000 years of language change. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang

Bell, C. and Newby, H. (eds). (1974). The sociology of community: A collection of readings. London: Frank Cass and Co.

Bell, H. (2006). Paradise lost: Nubia before the 1964 exodus. Sudan & Nubia, 10, 110–116

Bell, H. (2009). Paradise lost: Nubia before the 1964 Hijra. Khartoum: Dal Group

Bell, H. (2023). Endangered toponymy. Its relevance to the history and living heritage in Nubia. In M. Millet, V. Rondot, F. Payraudeau, and P. Tallet (eds), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Nubian Studies, Paris 2018, II (=Kush 20) (pp. 765–770). Paris: Musée du Louvre

Berners-Lee, T. (2006). Linked data: Design issues. Retrieved from https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html (accessed: 16.10.2024)

Bessant, K.C. (2018). The relational fabric of community. New York: Palgrave Macmillan

Binder, M. (2019). The role of physical anthropology in Nubian archaeology. In D. Raue (ed.), Handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 103–128). Berlin–Boston: De Gruyter

Borofsky, R. (2019). An anthropology of anthropology: Is it time to shift paradigms? Kailua, HI: Center for a Public Anthropology

Boutin, A.T. (2019). Writing bioarchaeological stories to right past wrongs. In J.E. Buikstra (ed.), Bioarchaeologists speak out: Deep time perspectives on contemporary issues (pp. 283–303). Cham: Springer

Brace, C.L. (2010). “Physical” anthropology at the turn of the last century. In M.A. Little and K.A.R. Kennedy (eds), Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century (pp. 25–53). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books

Bradshaw, R. (2017). Beyond identity: The socio-economic impacts of archaeology on a non-descendant community in Sudan (Ph.D. diss.). SOAS University of London. Retrieved from (accessed: 24.07.2024)

https://doi.org/10.25501/SOAS.00026653

Bradshaw, R. (2018). Fāida shenū? (What is the benefit?): A framework for evaluating the economic impacts of archaeological employment. Sudan & Nubia, 22, 188–197

Budge, E.A.W. (1907). The Egyptian Sûdân: Its history and monuments. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.

Budka, J. and Lemos, R. (2024). General introduction. In J. Budka and R. Lemos (eds), Landscape and resource management in Bronze Age Nubia: Archaeological perspectives on the exploitation of natural resources and the circulation of commodities in the Middle Nile (=Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 17) (pp. 11–15). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz

Buikstra, J.E., DeWitte, S.N., Agarwal, S.C., Baker, B.J., Bartelink, E.J., Berger, E., Blevins, K.E., Bolhofner, K., Boutin, A.T., Brickley, M.B., Buzon, M.R., de la Cova, C., Goldstein, L., Gowland, R., Grauer, A.L., Gregoricka, L.A., Halcrow, S.E., Hall, S.A., Hillson, S., Kakaliouras, A.M., Klaus, H.D., Knudson, K.J., Knüsel, C.J., Larsen, C.S., Martin, D.L., Milner, G.R., Novak, M., Nystrom, K.C., Pacheco-Forés, S.I., Prowse, T.P., Schug, G.R., Roberts, C.A., Rothwell, J.E., Santos, A.L., Stojanowski, C., Stone, A.C., Stull, K.E., Temple, D.H., Torres, C.M., Toyne, J.M., Tung, T.A., Ullinger, J., Wiltschke-Schrotta, K., and Zakrzewski, S.R. (2022). Twenty-first century bioarchaeology: Taking stock and moving forward. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 178(S74), 54–114

Buzon, M.R. (2020). Bioarchaeology of Nubia. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 1051–1070). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Buzon, M.R. and Marshall, J. (2022). Countering the racist scholarship of morphological research in Nubia: Centering the “people” in the past and present. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 35, 2–18

Byrne, S. (2012). Community archaeology as knowledge management: Reflections from Uneapa Island, Papua New Guinea. Public Archaeology, 11(1), 26–52

Caldwell, E.F. and Hyams-Ssekasi, D. (2016). Leaving home: The challenges of Black-African international students prior to studying overseas. Journal of International Students, 6(2), 588–613

Carruthers, W. (2022). Flooded pasts: UNESCO, Nubia, and the recolonization of archaeology. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press

Chennells, R. and Schroeder, D. (2019). The San Code of Research Ethics: Its origins and history. Retrieved from https://www.globalcodeofconduct.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/SanCodeHistory.pdf (accessed: 22.04.2025)

Ciesielska, J.A., Obłuski, A., and Stark, R.J. (2018). The cemeteries of Ghazali: Season 2015/2016. In A. Lohwasser, T. Karberg, and J. Auenmüller (eds), Bayuda studies: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the Bayuda Desert in Sudan (=Meroitica 27) (pp. 257–272). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz

Curve Lake First Nation Chief and Council. (2016). Archaeological protocol: Curve Lake First Nation. Government Services Building, Curve Lake First Nation

Dafa’alla, S. (2023). Designation of the cultures and inhabitants of ancient Nubia prior to 550 AD. A call to avoid using the adjective “Nubian.” In M. Millet, V. Rondot, F. Payraudeau, and P. Tallet (eds), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Nubian Studies, Paris 2018, II (=Kush 20) (pp. 841–856). Paris: Musée du Louvre

Dann, R.J. (2020). The X-Group Period in Lower Nubia. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 713–730). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Derrida, J. (1994). Specters of Marx: The state of the debt, the work of mourning, and the new international (P. Kamuf, trans.). New York: Routledge

Derry, D.E. (1909a). Anatomical report (B). In The Archaeological Survey of Nubia. Bulletin no. 3 (pp. 29–52). Cairo: National Printing Department

Derry, D.E. (1909b). Field notes. In The Archaeological Survey of Nubia. Bulletin no. 4 (pp. 22–28). Cairo: National Printing Department

Drzewiecki, M., Ciesielska, J., Kurcz, M., Dudek, A., Mohammed, N.A., and Suliman, Y.A.B. (2023). Soba Expedition: Preliminary fieldwork report (2022–2023). Studia Etnologiczne i Antropologiczne, 23(1), 1–10.

https://doi.org/10.31261/SEIA.2023.23.01.01

Drzewiecki, M., Ryndziewicz, R., Michalik, T., Ciesielska, J., Czyżewska-Zalewska, E., Ryś, A., Bebel-Nowak, A., Kurcz, M., Rączkowski, W., and Żuk, L. (2022). Soba Expedition: The preliminary report on the season of fieldwork conducted in 2021–2022. Studia Etnologiczne i Antropologiczne, 22(1), 1–59.

https://doi.org/10.31261/SEIA.2022.22.01.01

Edwards, D.N. (ed.). (2020). The archaeological survey of Sudanese Nubia, 1963–69: The Pharaonic sites (=Sudan Archaeological Research Society Publications 23). Oxford: Archaeopress

Edwards, D. and Bell, H. (2000). Language, settlement and long-term history in Upper Nubia. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 35(1), 191–197

El-Fihail, I.A. (2014). Reviving the disagreement: A debate on the terminology of intangible cultural heritage and the UNESCO 2003 Convention in the Arab world. In J. Bondaz, F. Graezer Bideau, C. Isnart, and A. Leblon (eds), Les vocabulaires locaux du « patrimoine »: traductions, négociations et transformations (pp. 55–68). Zurich: LIT

Elgadal, M. and Glade, R. (2024). Research in displacement: The impact of war on Sudan’s higher education and academic research community. Rift Valley Institute

Elmgrab, R.A. (2011). Methods of creating and introducing new terms in Arabic contributions from English-Arabic translation. International Conference on Language Literature and Linguistics IPEDR, 26, 491–500

Elzein, I.S. (2004). Islamic archaeology in the Sudan (=BAR International Series 1289). Oxford: Archaeopress

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2015). AQUASTAT Country Profile – Sudan. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Firth, C.M. (1912). The Archaeological Survey of Nubia: Report for 1908–1909. Cairo: Government Press

Firth, C.M. (1915). The Archaeological Survey of Nubia: Report for 1909–1910. Cairo: Government Press

Firth, C.M. (1927). The Archaeological Survey of Nubia: Report for 1910–1911. Cairo: Government Press

Fitzenreiter, M. (2011). Abt. I Bl. 1 und „Historischer Saal“: Karl Richard Lepsius definiert die Ägyptologie und separiert die Sudanarchäologie. Der Antike Sudan, 22, 43–56

Fleskes, R.E., Cabana, G.S., Gilmore, J.K., Juarez, C., Karcher, E., Oubré, L., Mishoe, G., Ofunniyin, A.A., and Schurr, T.G. (2023). Community-engaged ancient DNA project reveals diverse origins of 18th-century African descendants in Charleston, South Carolina. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(3), e2201620120.

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2201620120

Ford Spora, A. (2021). Kushite Kingdom manga. London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London

Fushiya, T. (2017). Amara West in archival records and local memories. Egyptian Archaeology, 51, 33–34

Fushiya, T. (2018). The living and the dead, not the living or the dead. In A. de Trafford, G.J. Tassie, O.E. Daly, and J. van Wetering (eds), A river runs through it: Studies in honour of Professor Fekri A. Hassan on the occasion of his 75th birthday I (pp. 243–249). London: Golden House Publications

Fushiya, T. (2020a). Sudan: Cultural heritage management. In Encyclopedia of global archaeology (pp. 1–11). Cham: Springer. Retrieved from (accessed: 22.04.2025)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3515-1

Fushiya, T. (2020b). Valuing archaeology? The past, present, and future for local people and archaeologists in Sudanese Nubia (Ph.D. diss.). Leiden University

Fushiya, T. (2021a). Dialogue Community Project in Old Dongola (2019–2021). Sudan & Nubia, 25, 95–107

Fushiya, T. (2021b). Old Dongola: Continuity and change from the medieval period to the 21st century. Warsaw: PCMA UW

Fushiya, T. (2021c). Teaching collaborative archaeology and heritage management in Sudan. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 30/2, 537–554

Fushiya, T. (forthcoming). Valuing archaeology in Sudanese Nubia: Archaeologists and the community at Amara West/Abkanisa (1938–2019). British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan

Fushiya, T. and Radziwiłko, K. (2019). Old Dongola Community Engagement Project: Preliminary report from the first season. Sudan & Nubia, 23, 172–181

Gatto, M.C. (2020). The A-Group and fourth millennium BCE Nubia. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 125–142). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Greer, S. (2014). The Janus view: Reflections, relationships and a community-based approach to Indigenous archaeology and heritage in northern Australia. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 1(1), 56–68

Hafsaas, H. (2020). The C-Group people in Lower Nubia: Cattle pastoralists on the frontier between Egypt and Kush. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 156–177). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Hafsaas-Tsakos, H. (2011). Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan. Journal of Social Archaeology, 11(1), 49–76

Hammarström, H., Forkel, R., Haspelmath, M., and Bank, S. (2024). Glottolog database 5.1. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14006617

Hansen, N.B. (2008). Arabic and its role in Egyptology and Egyptian archaeology. Archaeologies, 4(1), 171–174

Hassan, F.A. (2007). The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign. African Archaeological Review, 24(3), 73–94

Hill, S. and Garner, R.-P. (2021). Virtue signalling and the Condorcet Jury theorem. Synthese, 199(5), 14821–14841

Huggett, J. (2004). Archaeology and the new technological fetishism. Archeologia e Calcolatori, 15, 81–92

Humphris, J. (2017). Sudan’s ancient history: Hwida and Maawia investigate Meroe’s iron. Qatar: Akkadia Press

Humphris, J. and Bradshaw, R. (2017). Understanding “the community” before community archaeology: A case study from Sudan. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 4(3), 203–217

Humphris, J., Bradshaw, R., and Emberling, G. (2020). Archaeological practice in the 21st century: Reflecting on archaeologist-community relationships in Sudan’s Nile Valley. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 1127–1147). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Hunnell Chen, A. (2022). Digital archaeological archives 2.0: Answering past critiques with Linked Open Data (LOD). In O. Bobou, A.C. Miranda, and R. Raja (eds), Archival historiographies: The impact of twentieth-century legacy data on archaeological investigations (pp. 41–53). Turnhout: Brepols

Hunnell Chen, A. (2023). Collaborative curation of digital archaeological archives: Promise, prospects, and challenges. In R. Raja (ed.), Shaping archaeological archives: Dialogues between fieldwork, museum collections, and private archives (pp. 33–46). Turnhout: Brepols

ISNS (International Society of Nubian Studies). (2022). ISNS Working Groups (05.10.2022). Retrieved from https://nubianstudies.org/news/isns-working-groups/ (accessed: 22.04.2025)

Jakob, T. and Magzoub Ali, M.A. (2011). Sudan. In N. Márquez-Grant and L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge handbook of archaeological human remains and legislation: An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 513–523). London: Routledge

Jerolmack, C. and Khan, S. (2014). Talk is cheap: Ethnography and the attitudinal fallacy. Sociological Methods & Research, 43(2), 178–209

Kamash, Z. (2023). Who can access the past? Archives, technological solutionism and digital colonialism in (post-) conflict Syria. In R. Raja (ed.), Shaping archaeological archives: Dialogues between fieldwork, museum collections, and private archives (pp. 9–18). Turnhout: Brepols

Ketokivi, M. (2019). Avoiding bias and fallacy in survey research: A behavioral multilevel approach. Journal of Operations Management, 65(4), 380–402

Kleer, N. (2012). Recent legal developments on consultation and accommodation relating to environmental and archaeological issues. The Canadian Institute 6th Annual Forum on Aboriginal Law, consultation and accommodation, February 22–23, Toronto, ON

Kolek, E.A. (2013). Can we count on counting? An analysis of the validity of community engagement survey measures. International Journal of Research on Service-Learning and Community Engagement, 1(1), 92–108

Lambert, P.M. and Walker, P.L. (2019). Bioarchaeological ethics: Perspectives on the use and value of human remains in scientific research. In M.A. Katzenberg and A.L. Grauer (eds), Biological anthropology of the human skeleton (3rd ed., pp. 1–42). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell

Larsen, P.B. (2021). From development displacement and salvage archaeology in Nubia to inclusive sustainable heritage and development crafting in Old Dongola. Sudan & Nubia, 25, 82–94

Lemos, R. (2024). Nubian material resources between Indigenous diversity and colonial impositions. In J. Budka and R. Lemos (eds), Landscape and resource management in Bronze Age Nubia: Archaeological perspectives on the exploitation of natural resources and the circulation of commodities in the Middle Nile (=Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 17) (pp. 201–203). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz

Lepsius, K.R. (1849). Denkmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien: Vorläufige Nachricht über die Expedition, ihre Ergebnisse und deren Publikation. Berlin: Nicolaische Buchhandlung

Lepsius, K.R. (ed.). (1849–1859). Denkmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien: Nach den Zeichnungen der von seiner Majestät dem Koenige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842–1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition auf Befehl seiner Majestaet I–XII. Berlin: Nicolaische Buchhandlung

Lepsius, K.R. (1852). Briefe aus Aegypten, Aethiopien und der Halbinsel des Sinai, geschrieben in den Jahren 1842–1845, während des auf Befehl seiner Majestät des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV von Preussen ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition. Berlin: Hertz

Levy, N. (2021). Virtue signalling is virtuous. Synthese, 198(10), 9545–9562

Levy, N. (2023). Intellectual virtue signaling. American Philosophical Quarterly, 60(3), 311–324

Loeben, C.E. (2020). Karl Richard Lepsius and the Royal Prussian Expedition to Egypt (1842–1845/6). In V. Davies and D. Laboury (eds), The Oxford handbook of Egyptian epigraphy and paleography (pp. 243–256). Oxford: Oxford University Press

MacMichael, H.A. (1967). A history of the Arabs in the Sudan. New York: Barnes & Noble

Mahmoud El-Tayeb. (2020). Post-Meroe in Upper Nubia. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 731–757). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Marshall, Y. (2002). What is community archaeology? World Archaeology, 34(2), 211–219

Matić, U. (2018). De-colonizing the historiography and archaeology of ancient Egypt and Nubia. Part 1. Scientific racism. Journal of Egyptian History, 11(1–2), 19–44

Mazhar, A., Morsy, F.I., and Radwan, M. (eds). (2024). Voices from Nubia: Critical essays on contemporary Nubian literature from Egypt (=Dotawo Monographs 5). Dotawo

McDavid, C. (2014). Community archaeology. In C. Smith (ed.), Encyclopedia of global archaeology (pp. 1591–1599). New York: Springer

McMaster, H.R. (2021). Battlegrounds: The fight to defend the free world. New York: HarperCollins Publishers

Medani, H. (2016). The Habouba School. In B.A. Abdelgayoum Ali, H. Medani, and A.A. Osman (eds), The making of social capital in Sudan: Identity, education and solidarity (pp. 71–92). Khartoum: B.A. Abdelgayoum

Meloche, C.H., Spake, L., and Nichols, K.L. (eds). (2020). Working with and for ancestors: Collaboration in the care and study of ancestral remains. Abingdon–New York: Routledge

Metcalfe, J. (2023). The Archaeological Survey of Nubia season 2 (1908–9): Report on the human remains. Oxford: Archaeopress

Ministry of Tourism and Culture (of Canada). (2011). Engaging Aboriginal communities in archaeology: A draft technical bulletin for consultant archaeologists in Ontario. Queen’s Printer for Ontario

Minor, E. (2018). Decolonizing Reisner: A case study of a Classic Kerma female burial for reinterpreting early Nubian archaeological collections through digital archival resources. In M. Honegger (ed.), Nubian archaeology in the XXIst century: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference for Nubian Studies, Neuchâtel, 1st–6th September 2014 (=Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 273) (pp. 251–262). Leuven: Peeters

Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation. (2018). Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation standards and guidelines for archaeology. Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation, Department of Consultation and Accommodation

Molleson, T.I. (1993). The Nubian pathological collection in the Natural History Museum, London. In W.V. Davies and R. Walker (eds), Biological anthropology and the study of ancient Egypt (pp. 136–143). London: British Museum Press

Morozov, E. (2013). To save everything, click here: The folly of technological solutionism. New York: PublicAffairs

Moshenska, G. and Dhanjal, S. (2012). Introduction: Thinking about, talking about, and doing community archaeology. In G. Moshenska and S. Dhanjal (eds), Community archaeology: Themes, methods and practices (pp. 1–5). Oxford: Oxbow Books

Murphy, M.S. and Klaus, H.D. (eds). (2017). Colonized bodies, worlds transformed: Toward a global bioarchaeology of contact and colonialism. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida

Musila, G.A. (2019). Against collaboration—or the native who wanders off. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 31(3), 286–293

Näser, C. (2019). Exploring attitudes towards the archaeological past: Two case studies from majority Muslim communities in the Nile valley. Journal of Social Archaeology, 19(3), 379–402

Näser, C. (2020). Past, present, future: The archaeology of Nubia. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 29–47). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Näser, C. and Tully, G. (2019). Dialogues in the making: Collaborative archaeology in Sudan. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 6(3), 155–171

Neal, S. and Walters, S. (2008). Rural be/longing and rural social organizations: Conviviality and community-making in the English countryside. Sociology, 42(2), 279–297

Obłuski, A. (2018). El-Ghazali—a royal monastery in northern Sudan? Sudan & Nubia, 22, 155–166

Obłuski, A. (2019). The monasteries and monks of Nubia (=Journal of Juristic Papyrology Supplement 36). Warsaw: The Raphael Taubenschlag Foundation

Obłuski, A. and Dzierzbicka, D. (eds). (2021a). Old Dongola: Development, heritage, archaeology. Fieldwork in 2018–2019. Vol. 1. Excavations (=Polish Publications in Mediterranean Archaeology 1). Leuven–Paris–Bristol, CT: Peeters

Obłuski, A. and Dzierzbicka, D. (2021b). Starting anew at Old Dongola. Sudan & Nubia, 25, 67–81

Okamura, K. and Matsuda, A. (eds). (2011). New perspectives in global public archaeology. New York: Springer

Orlitzky, M. (2018). Virtue signaling: Oversocialized “integrity” in a politically correct world. In M. Orlitzky and M. Monga (eds), Integrity in business and management (pp. 172–182). New York: Routledge

Osman, A.M.S. (1987). Nubian culture in the 20th century: Comments on Session IV. In T. Hägg (ed.), Nubian culture: Past and present. Main papers presented at the sixth International Conference for Nubian Studies in Uppsala, 11–16 August, 1986 (pp. 419–431). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International

PPA (Paleopathology Association). (2023). Paleopathology Association bylaws. Retrieved from https://paleopathology-association.wildapricot.org/Directors (accessed: 05.08.2024)

Pyburn, K.A. (2011). Engaged archaeology: Whose community? Which public? In K. Okamura and A. Matsuda (eds), New perspectives in global public archaeology (pp. 29–41). New York: Springer

Quirke, S. (2010). Hidden hands: Egyptian workforces in Petrie excavation archives, 1880–1924. London: Duckworth

Reisner, G.A. (1923). Excavations at Kerma (Parts I–III) (=Harvard African Studies 5). Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Harvard University

Roberts, C.A. (2018). Human remains in archaeology: A handbook (2nd ed.). York: Council for British Archaeology

Rose, J.C. (1996). Bioarchaeology of ancient Egypt and Nubia: A bibliography (=British Museum Occasional Paper 112). London: British Museum Press

Rose-Redwood, C. and Rose-Redwood, R. (2017). Rethinking the politics of the international student experience in the age of Trump. Journal of International Students, 7(3), I–IX

Rowan, K. (2017). Flooded lands, forgotten voices: Safeguarding the Indigenous languages and intangible heritage of the Nubian Nile valley. International Journal of Intangible Heritage, 12, 175–187

Rowe, G., Horlick-Jones, T., Walls, J., Poortinga, W., and Pidgeon, N.F. (2008). Analysis of a normative framework for evaluating public engagement exercises: Reliability, validity and limitations. Public Understanding of Science, 17(4), 419–441

Ryan, P., Hassan, M., and Saad, M. (2018). Nubia past and present: Agriculture, crops and food. London: Trustees of the British Museum

SAA (Society for American Archaeology). (2021). The Society for American Archaeology statement concerning the treatment of human remains. Retrieved from https://documents.saa.org/container/docs/default-source/doc-careerpractice/statement-concerning-the-treatment-of-human-remains.pdf?sfvrsn=f04be5ff_2 (accessed: 22.04.2025)

Saad, M. and Antoine, D. (2021). A new facility for bioarchaeology in Sudan. The British Museum Newsletter: Egypt and Sudan, 7–8, 32

Sabbahy, L. (2018). Paleopathology of the ancient Egyptians: An annotated bibliography 1995–2016 (updated ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press

Said, E.W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books

Salah Mohamed Ahmed. (2020). History of archaeological work in the Middle Nile region. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 6–28). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Saugeen Ojibway Nation. (2011). Conducting archaeology within the Traditional Territory of the Saugeen Ojibway Nation: Process and standards for approval authorities, development proponents and consultant archaeologists. Wiarton, ON: Saugeen Ojibway Nation, Environment Office

Säve-Söderbergh, T. (1987). Temples and tombs of ancient Nubia: The international rescue campaign at Abu Simbel, Philae, and other sites. London: Thames and Hudson

Scherzer, S., Berg, N.G., Lein, H., and Setten, G. (2020). The many faces of local community: Exploring lay conceptualizations of the Norwegian lokalsamfunn. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift / Norwegian Journal of Geography, 74(3), 152–164

Schmidt, P.R. (ed.). (2009). Postcolonial archaeologies in Africa. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press

Schrader, S.A. and Buzon, M.R. (2017). Everyday life after collapse: A bioarchaeological examination of entheseal change and accidental injury in postcolonial Nubia. Bioarchaeology International, 1(1–2), 19–34

Schrader, S.A., Fushiya, T., Saad, M., and Mohamed, E.H.A. (2024). Decolonizing bioarchaeology in Sudan. Journal of African Archaeology, 22(1–2), 12–28

Schroeder, D., Chatfield, K., Singh, M., Chennells, R., and Herissone-Kelly, P. (2019). Equitable research partnerships: A Global Code of Conduct to counter ethics dumping. Cham: Springer

SFDAS (Section Française de la Direction des Antiquités du Soudan). (2021). Leila and Karim Discover the Archaeology of Sudan. Retrieved from https://sudanheritageproject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/booklet-sahpp.pdf (accessed: 22.04.2025)

Shekhar, P., Prince, M., Finelli, C., Demonbrun, M., and Waters, C. (2019). Integrating quantitative and qualitative research methods to examine student resistance to active learning. European Journal of Engineering Education, 44(1–2), 6–18

Shinnie, P.L. and Chittick, H.N. (1961). Ghazali, a monastery in the northern Sudan (=Sudan Antiquities Service Occasional Papers 5). Khartoum: Sudan Antiquities Service

Sirak, K.A., Fernandes, D.M., Cheronet, O., Novak, M., Gamarra, B., Balassa, T., Bernert, Z., Cséki, A., Dani, J., Gallina, J.Z., Kocsis-Buruzs, G., Kővári, I., László, O., Pap, I., Patay, R., Petkes, Z., Szenthe, G., Szeniczey, T., Hajdu, T., and Pinhasi, R. (2017). A minimally-invasive method for sampling human petrous bones from the cranial base for ancient DNA analysis. BioTechniques, 62(6), 283–289

Sirak, K., Fernandes, D., Cheronet, O., Harney, E., Mah, M., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., Adamski, N., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Callan, K., Candilio, F., Lawson, A.M., Mandl, K., Oppenheimer, J., Stewardson, K., Zalzala, F., Anders, A., Bartík, J., Coppa, A., Dashtseveg, T., Évinger, S., Farkaš, Z., Hajdu, T., Bayarsaikhan, J., McIntyre, L., Moiseyev, V., Okumura, M., Pap, I., Pietrusewsky, M., Raczky, P., Šefčáková, A., Soficaru, A., Szeniczey, T., Miklós Szőke, B., Van Gerven, D., Vasilyev, S., Bell, L., Reich, D., and Pinhasi, R. (2020). Human auditory ossicles as an alternative optimal source of ancient DNA. Genome Research, 30(3), 427–436

Sirak, K.A., Fernandes, D.M., Lipson, M., Mallick, S., Mah, M., Olalde, I., Ringbauer, H., Rohland, N., Hadden, C.S., Harney, E., Adamski, N., Bernardos, R., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Callan, K., Ferry, M., Lawson, A.M., Michel, M., Oppenheimer, J., Stewardson, K., Zalzala, F., Patterson, N., Pinhasi, R., Thompson, J.C., Van Gerven, D., and Reich, D. (2021). Social stratification without genetic differentiation at the site of Kulubnarti in Christian Period Nubia. Nature Communications, 12(1), 7283.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27356-8

Sirak, K.A., Sawchuk, E.A., and Prendergast, M.E. (2022). Ancient human DNA and African population history. In Oxford research encyclopedia of anthropology.

https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.484

Smith, G.E. (1914). The Archæological Survey of Nubia. Nature, 93(2317), 85–86

Smith, G.E. (1923). The ancient Egyptians and the origin of civilization (rev. ed.). London: Harper & Brothers

Smith, G.E. and Jones, F.W. (1910). The Archeological Survey of Nubia: Report for 1907–1908, II. Report on the human remains. Cairo: National Printing Department

Smith, L. and Waterton, E. (2009). Heritage, communities and archaeology. London: Duckworth

Smith, S.T. (2021). “Backwater Puritans?” Racism, Egyptological stereotypes, and the intersection of local and international at Kushite Tombos. Transcript of a virtual lecture at the American Research Centre in Egypt. Retrieved from https://arce.org/wp-content/uploads/files-imported/documents/ARCE%20Virtual%20Lecture%20Transcript%20-%20Stuart%20Tyson%20Smith%20March%202021.pdf (accessed: 22.04.2025)

Soghayroun, I. (2020). Islam in the Funj and Ottoman periods in Sudan: A historical and archaeological approach. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 874–891). Oxford: Oxford University Press

South African San Institute. (2017). San Code of Research Ethics. Kimberley: South African San Institute

Spencer, N., Fushiya, T., Ryan, P., Abd Rabo, S., and Saad, M. (2024). Towards local agency: Critical reflections on community engagement programmes at Abkanisa/Amara West, northern Sudan. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 11(1–2), 20–33

Squires, K., Errickson, D., and Márquez-Grant, N. (eds). (2019). Ethical approaches to human remains: A global challenge in bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology. Cham: Springer

Stark, R.J. and Ciesielska, J.A. (2018). Cemetery 4 at Ghazali (Sudan): Excavations during the Fall 2016 season. In A. Lohwasser, T. Karberg, and J. Auenmüller (eds), Bayuda studies: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the Bayuda Desert in Sudan (=Meroitica 27) (pp. 273–283). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz

Stark, R.J. and Fushiya, T. (forthcoming). Qibab and communities: Assessing transition and tradition in the cemetery landscape of Old Dongola, Sudan. Archaeooriental Studies, University of Warsaw

Stark, R.J. and Sirak, K. (forthcoming). Tracing biology in the Bayuda: Insights from medieval Ghazali (ca. 680 to 1275 CE). In A. Obłuski, A. Łajtar, D. Dzierzbicka, and A. Deptuła (eds), Proceedings of the 15th International Conference for Nubian Studies, 29 August–4 September 2022, Warsaw (=Nubia: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Northeast Africa). Turnhout: Brepols

Strouhal, E. (1981). Current state of anthropological studies on ancient Egypt and Nubia. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 8, 231–249.

Sudan Memory. (2022). House of Heritage. Retrieved from https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/82/ (accessed: 22.04.2025)

Supernant, K., Baxter, J.E., Lyons, N., and Atalay, S. (eds). (2020). Archaeologies of the heart. Cham: Springer

Sutton, M.Q. (2020). Bioarchaeology: An introduction to the archaeology and anthropology of the dead. Abingdon–New York: Routledge

Táíwò, O. (2022). Vice signaling. Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, 22(3), 295–316

Taras Press. (2021). About. Retrieved from https://www.taraspress.com/about (accessed: 22.10.2024)

Tosi, J. and Warmke, B. (2016). Moral grandstanding. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 44(3), 197–217

Trigger, B.G. (1978). Nubian, Negro, Black, Nilotic? In S. Hochfield and E. Riefstahl (eds), Africa in antiquity: The arts of ancient Nubia and the Sudan I. The essays (pp. 26–35). Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum

Trigger, B.G. (1994). Paradigms in Sudan archaeology. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 27(2), 323–345

Tully, G. and Näser, C. (2016). Discovering Mograt Island together. London: Golden House Publications

Turner, T.R., Wagner, J.K., and Cabana, G.S. (2018). Ethics in biological anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 165(4), 939–951

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2020). International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia. Cairo: UNESCO Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States

United States Senate, Select Committee on Indian Affairs. (1990). Providing for the protection of Native American graves and the repatriation of Native American remains and cultural patrimony (Senate Report 101-473). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office

van Gerven Oei, V.W.J. (2021). A reference grammar of Old Nubian (=Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 299). Leuven: Peeters

van Gerven Oei, V.W.J. (2022). No more miracles: On the origins and futures of Nubian studies. Keynote Lecture, 15th International Conference for Nubian Studies, Warsaw, 29 August – 4 September 2022.

https://doi.org/10.17613/d704-xq41

WAC (World Archaeological Congress). (1990). World Archaeological Congress: Code of Ethics. Retrieved from https://worldarchaeologicalcongress.com/code-of-ethics/ (accessed: 16.07.2024)

Wafa, A.A.A.A. (2024). Minority languages from death to life: Applied to the Nubian language. Alsun Journal of Languages and Humanities, 16, 221–260

Waldron, H.A. (2000). The study of the human remains from Nubia: The contribution of Grafton Elliot Smith and his colleagues to palaeopathology. Medical History, 44(3), 363–388

Walton, D.N. (1995). A pragmatic theory of fallacy. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press

Waterton, E. and Smith, L. (2010). The recognition and misrecognition of community heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 16(1–2), 4–15

Welsby, D.A. (2020). Human adaptation to environmental change in the Northern Dongola Reach. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 309–326). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Williams, B.B. and Emberling, G. (2020). Nubia, a brief introduction. In G. Emberling and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia (pp. 1–4). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Yorke, C. (2023). Is empathy a strategic imperative? A review essay. Journal of Strategic Studies, 46(5), 1082–1102

Similar publications