Recent archaeological discoveries in Natka-Bila’e, central Tigray, northern Ethiopia

Asrat, A. (2002). The rock-hewn churches of Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia: A geological perspective. Geoarchaeology, 17(7), 649–663

Ayele, T. (1996). Aksumite burial practices, the ‘Gudit Stelae Field’, Aksum. In G. Pwiti and R. Soper (eds), Aspects of African archaeology: Papers from the 10th Congress of the PanAfrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies (pp. 611–619). Harare: University of Zimbabwe

Bard, K.A., Fattovich, R., Manzo, A., and Perlingieri, C. (1997). Archaeological investigations at Bieta Giyorgis (Aksum), Ethiopia: 1993–1995 field seasons. Journal of Field Archaeology, 24(4), 387–403

Bard, K.A., Fattovich, R., Manzo, A., and Perlingieri, C. (2014). The chronology of Aksum (Tigrai, Ethiopia): A view from Bieta Giyorgis. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 49(3), 285–316

Bard, K.A. and Manzo, A. (2025). Excavations on Bieta Giyorgis Hill, Aksum and evidence for the origins and development of the Aksumite Kingdom. Journal of Field Archaeology, 50(3), 239–259.

D’Andrea, A.C., Manzo, A., Harrower, M.J., and Hawkins, A.L. (2008). The Pre-Aksumite and Aksumite settlement of NE Tigrai, Ethiopia. Journal of Field Archaeology, 33(2), 151–176

D’Andrea, A.C., Welton, L., Manzo, A., Woldekiros, H.S., Brandt, S.A., Beldados, A., Peterson, E.A., Nixon-Darcus, L.A., Gaudiello, M., Wood, S.R., Mekonnen, H., Batiuk, S., Meresa, Y., Ruiz-Giralt, A., Lancelotti, C., Mengistu Taffere, A., and Johnson, L.M. (2023). The Pre-Aksumite Period: Indigenous origins and development in the Horn of Africa. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 58(3), 329–392

Fattovich, R. (2010). The development of ancient states in the northern Horn of Africa, c. 3000 BC–AD 1000: An archaeological outline. Journal of World Prehistory, 23(3), 145–175

Fattovich, R., Bard, K.A., Petrassi, L., and Pisano, V. (2000). The Aksum archaeological area: A preliminary assessment. Naples: Istituto universitario orientale, Centro interdipartimentale di servizi per l’archeologia

Hagege, A. (2000). The churches of Tigrai. Efita, 4, 232–241 (in Amharic)

Hagos, M., Koeberl, C., Kabeto, K., and Koller, F. (2010). Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and phonolite-trachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences, 103(2), 153–170

Hailay, A. (2020). Preliminary survey of archaeometallurgical sites in Hawzien, Northern Ethiopia. Nyame Akuma, 93, 4–10

Hardt, J., Nir, N., Lüthgens, C., Menn, T.M., and Schütt, B. (2023). Palaeoenvironmental research at Hawelti–Melazo (Tigray, northern Ethiopia)—Insights from sedimentological and geomorphological analyses. E&G Quaternary Science Journal, 72(1), 37–55

Hiluf, B. (2015). Aksum (Ethiopia): An enquiry into the state of documentation and preservation of the archaeological and heritage sites and monuments (Ph.D. diss.). Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Hiluf, B., Haftu, M., Abrhaz, S., Haileyesus, D., Bekeriex, A., Teklu, G., Fiqadu, S., and Kiros, A. (2020). Preliminary report on a test excavation at the ancient iron smelting site of Gud Bahri (Wuqro, Tigray). Annales d’Éthiopie, 33, 167–187

Humphris, J. (2017). An archaeometallurgy in Tigrai: A pilot investigation of ancient iron production in Ethiopia (Unpublished report). Society for the Promotion of Museums in Ethiopia

Hagos, T. (1997). Aksumite sites in Tigray (Ethiopia): The significance of their distribution (MA thesis). University of Cambridge

Hagos, T. (2008). Archaeological rescue excavations at Aksum, 2005–2007. Addis Ababa: The Ethiopian Cultural Heritage Project

Hagos, T. (2011). Preliminary result of a survey of the archaeological site of Sib’at, Adwa, Ethiopia. Ityopis, 1, 25–35

Mapunda, B.B.B. (1997). Patching up evidence for ironworking in the Horn. African Archaeological Review, 14(2), 107–124

Munro-Hay, S.C. (ed.). (1989). Excavations at Aksum: An account of research at the ancient Ethiopian capital directed in 1972–4 by the late Dr. Neville Chittick (=British Institute in Eastern Africa Memoir 10). London: British Institute in Eastern Africa

Munro-Hay, S.C. (1991). Aksum: An African civilisation of late antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press

Phillipson, D.W. (1977). The excavation of Gobedra rock-shelter, Axum. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 12(1), 53–82

Phillipson, D.W. (1993). African archaeology (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Phillipson, D.W. (1998). Ancient Ethiopia: Aksum, its antecedents and successors. London: British Museum Press

Phillipson, D.W. (ed.). (2000). Archaeology at Aksum, Ethiopia, 1993–7 (=British Institute in Eastern Africa Memoir 17). London: British Institute in Eastern Africa

Phillipson, D.W. (2003). Aksum: An Archaeological Introduction and Guide. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 38(1), 1–68

Phillipson, D.W. (2012). Foundations of an African civilisation: Aksum and the Northern Horn, 1000 BC–AD 1300. Woodbridge: James Currey

Phillipson, L. (2012). Grindstones and related artefacts from Pre-Aksumite Seglamen, northern Ethiopia, and their wider implications. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 47(4), 509–530

Robion-Brunner, C., Belay, A., and Angesom, F. (2022). Metals and metallurgists in Wollo and North Shewa area (Amhara Regional States): Preliminary results of the survey conducted in spring 2021. Nyame Akuma, 97, 29–35

Sernicola, L. (2017). The archaeological excavations of the University of Naples “L’Orientale” at Seglamen, Tigray, 2010–2016. Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, 1(48), 175–180

Severin, T., Rehren, T., and Schleicher, H. (2011). Early metal smelting in Aksum, Ethiopia: Copper or iron? European Journal of Mineralogy, 23(6), 981–992

Teklebrhan, B., Amanuel, A., and Abrha, K. (2024). Newly discovered archaeological sites in Hadush-Adi (Tigray, Northern Ethiopia). Nyame Akuma, 102, 6–13

Wilding, R.F. (1989). The pottery. In S.C. Munro-Hay (ed.), Excavations at Aksum: An account of research at the ancient Ethiopian capital directed in 1972–4 by the late Dr. Neville Chittick (=British Institute in Eastern Africa Memoir 10) (pp. 235–316). London: British Institute in Eastern Africa